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Biology > Human Anatomy Parts 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Parts 1 & 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones that attach to the axial skeleton

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

bones that support the head, neck, and trunk.

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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

tissue only found in the heart.

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4
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist bone that attach the hand to the arm.

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5
Q

Cartilage

A

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone.

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6
Q

Circulatory

A

a) Includes: heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries
b) Function: moves blood

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7
Q

Clavicle

A

attaches to the thorax

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8
Q

Compact bone

A

strong, dense bone found in the diaphysis

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9
Q

Coxal bones

A

two large, heavy bones that attach to the sacrum of the axial skeleton

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

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11
Q

Digestive system

A

breaks down food into smaller components that can be utilized by the body; filters harmful substances in food

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

a) includes: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, and the adrenal gland
b) Function: sends chemical messages through the body

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13
Q

Endomysium

A

a protective layer that wraps each muscle fiber.

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14
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle

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15
Q

Epiphysis

A

bulging end of the bone

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16
Q

Excretory or Urinary system

A

a) Includes: Sweat glands, kidneys, bladder, and urethra. b) Functions: removes wastes

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17
Q

Fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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18
Q

Femur

A

the bone at the top of the leg

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19
Q

Flat bones

A

protect vital organs, such as the ribs and cranial bones

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20
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller lower leg bone

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21
Q

Haversian canals

A

small tunnels created by osteoclasts as they move through the bones

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22
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Manufactures red blood cells, platelets, and some types of white blood in the
red bone marrow

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23
Q

Humerus

A

large bone at the top of the arm

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24
Q

Immune or Lymphatic system

A

a) Includes: white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, and tonsils
b) Function: defense system

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25
Q

Insertion

A

location where the muscle attaches to a moveable bone

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26
Q

Integumentary system

A

a) Includes: skin, hair, and nails
b) Function: protection and sensory input

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27
Q

Irregular bones

A

do not fall into one of the other categories

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28
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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29
Q

Long bones

A

longer than they are wide, such as the femur and humerus

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30
Q

Medullary cavity

A

the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow

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31
Q

Metacarpal

A

form the bones of the hand

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32
Q

Metatarsals

A

make up the bones of the foot

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33
Q

Muscular

A

a) Includes: muscles and tendons
b) Function: movement and strength

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34
Q

Myofibrils

A

threadlike structures that make up muscle fibers

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35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

move in to construct new bone matrix inside the Haversian canals

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36
Q

Osteoclasts

A

move through our bones and break down old cells to make room for new ones

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37
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

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38
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

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39
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

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40
Q

Periosteum

A

protective sheet encasing the bone

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41
Q

Phalanges

A

make up the bones in the fingers

42
Q

Radius

A

lateral bone of the forearm

43
Q

Red bone marrow

A

produces red and white blood cells and platelets

44
Q

Reproductive system

A

a) Includes: testes (male), ovaries (female), and other reproductive organs
b) Function: reproduction

45
Q

Respiratory

A

a) Includes: lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, nose, and pharynx
b) Function: supplies the body with oxygen; removes carbon dioxide

46
Q

Scapula

A

floats on the back of the ribs suspended by muscles and ligaments

47
Q

Short bones

A

about as wide as they are long, such as the phalanges and metacarpals

48
Q

Sinuses

A

hollow spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

49
Q

Skeletal

A

a) Includes: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
b) Function: provides support and protection

50
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

a) Usually attached to bones via tendons
b) Give the body shape
c) Striated: the cells appear to have dark and light stripes
d) Primarily controlled voluntarily
e) Primary function is movement of the skeleton
f) Move quickly and powerfully

51
Q

Skull

A

composed of cranial and facial bones

52
Q

Smooth muscle

A

a) Primary function is to transport materials through the body
b) Does not have striations
c) Movement is involuntary
d) Move materials through the body with slow, powerful, and prolonged contractions

53
Q

Spongy bone

A

porous bone filled with marrow, nerves, and blood vessels located inside the epiphysis

54
Q

Sutures

A

jagged lines that connect the skull bones together

55
Q

Tarsal bones

A

ankle bones that attach the foot to the leg

56
Q

Tendons

A

dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

57
Q

Thoracic cage

A

a) Function: protects vital organs in your thorax and prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration
b) Composed of 12 pairs of ribs along with associated cartilage and the sternum

58
Q

Tibia

A

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg (the shin bone)

59
Q

Tissues

A

organized cells

60
Q

Ulna

A

medial bone of the forearm

61
Q

Vertebral column

A

allows the spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord, protects the spinal cord, and supports the weight of the head and trunk

62
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

63
Q

Albumin

A

manufactured in the liver and regulates the amount of water in your blood and tissues

64
Q

Alveoli

A

the microscopic, balloon-like sacs lined with capillaries at the end of the smallest bronchioles

65
Q

Aorta

A

the largest artery in the body that branches into smaller blood vessels

66
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta

67
Q

Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

68
Q

Atria

A

two thin-walled chambers serve as the entrances to the heart

69
Q

A-V valves

A

allow the blood to flow from each atrium to the corresponding ventricle but do not allow blood to flow the opposite way

70
Q

Bronchi

A

2 branches that lead from the trachea to each lung

71
Q

Bronchioles

A

smallest branches of the bronchi

72
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels

73
Q

Diaphragm

A

a) Separates their body cavity into the abdominal and thoracic cavities
b) When the diaphragm contracts, it expands the lungs and causes air to enter; when it relaxes, the lungs contract and air is exhaled

74
Q

Epiglottis

A

a flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering

75
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

76
Q

External respiration

A

process of breathing in and out, oxygen and carbon dioxide being exchanged in the alveoli

77
Q

Fibrinogen

A

manufactured in the liver and helps form blood clots

78
Q

Gas transport

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide use the bloodstream as a transportation system to get where they need to go

79
Q

Globulins

A

manufactured in the liver and lymph tissue and helps transport fats around the body and fight infection

80
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

stem cells

81
Q

Hemo

A

allows cells to carry oxygen throughout the body and remove carbon dioxide; found in the cytoplasm of red blood cells and is an iron-containing protein

82
Q

Heart

A

a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

83
Q

Internal respiration

A

when oxygen is transferred from the red blood cells in the capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide waste is given to the red blood cells in return

84
Q

Larynx

A

voice box

85
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

86
Q

Lung

A

main organs of the respiratory system

87
Q

Nasal cavity

A

hollow space behind the nose

88
Q

Pericardium

A

tough white sac that protects the heart

89
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

90
Q

Plasma

A

pale yellow liquid composed mostly of water containing dissolved nutrients, wastes, hormones, and 3 types of blood proteins

91
Q

Platelets

A

thrombocytes
(1) Cell fragments formed in the bone marrow
(2) Help blood clot near wounds

92
Q

Pleural membrane

A

a double membrane that lines the rib cage to prevent friction between the rib cage and lungs.

93
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary arteries

94
Q

Red blood cells

A

erythrocytes - make up 95% of the formed elements; carry oxygen

95
Q

Septum

A

thick wall separating the atria and ventricles

96
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells

97
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe

98
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets;
(1) Cell fragments formed in the bone marrow
(2) Help blood clot near wounds

99
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels that carry the deoxygenated blood toward the heart

100
Q

Ventricle

A

two chambers found on the bottom of the heart

101
Q

White blood cells

A

leukocytes:
(1) Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
(2) Able to move via ameboid movement
(3) Function to protect the body from disease causing organisms

Biology (10 decks)

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