Human Anatomy Parts 1 & 2 Flashcards
Appendicular skeleton
bones that attach to the axial skeleton
Axial Skeleton
bones that support the head, neck, and trunk.
Cardiac Muscle
tissue only found in the heart.
Carpal
Wrist bone that attach the hand to the arm.
Cartilage
strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone.
Circulatory
a) Includes: heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries
b) Function: moves blood
Clavicle
attaches to the thorax
Compact bone
strong, dense bone found in the diaphysis
Coxal bones
two large, heavy bones that attach to the sacrum of the axial skeleton
Diaphysis
shaft of the bone
Digestive system
breaks down food into smaller components that can be utilized by the body; filters harmful substances in food
Endocrine system
a) includes: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, and the adrenal gland
b) Function: sends chemical messages through the body
Endomysium
a protective layer that wraps each muscle fiber.
Epimysium
surrounds entire muscle
Epiphysis
bulging end of the bone
Excretory or Urinary system
a) Includes: Sweat glands, kidneys, bladder, and urethra. b) Functions: removes wastes
Fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
Femur
the bone at the top of the leg
Flat bones
protect vital organs, such as the ribs and cranial bones
Fibula
Smaller lower leg bone
Haversian canals
small tunnels created by osteoclasts as they move through the bones
Hemopoiesis
Manufactures red blood cells, platelets, and some types of white blood in the
red bone marrow
Humerus
large bone at the top of the arm
Immune or Lymphatic system
a) Includes: white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, and tonsils
b) Function: defense system
Insertion
location where the muscle attaches to a moveable bone
Integumentary system
a) Includes: skin, hair, and nails
b) Function: protection and sensory input
Irregular bones
do not fall into one of the other categories
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Long bones
longer than they are wide, such as the femur and humerus
Medullary cavity
the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone; contains soft yellow bone marrow
Metacarpal
form the bones of the hand
Metatarsals
make up the bones of the foot
Muscular
a) Includes: muscles and tendons
b) Function: movement and strength
Myofibrils
threadlike structures that make up muscle fibers
Osteoblasts
move in to construct new bone matrix inside the Haversian canals
Osteoclasts
move through our bones and break down old cells to make room for new ones
Pectoral girdle
attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle
attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
Perimysium
connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Periosteum
protective sheet encasing the bone
Phalanges
make up the bones in the fingers
Radius
lateral bone of the forearm
Red bone marrow
produces red and white blood cells and platelets
Reproductive system
a) Includes: testes (male), ovaries (female), and other reproductive organs
b) Function: reproduction
Respiratory
a) Includes: lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, nose, and pharynx
b) Function: supplies the body with oxygen; removes carbon dioxide
Scapula
floats on the back of the ribs suspended by muscles and ligaments
Short bones
about as wide as they are long, such as the phalanges and metacarpals
Sinuses
hollow spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
Skeletal
a) Includes: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
b) Function: provides support and protection
Skeletal muscles
a) Usually attached to bones via tendons
b) Give the body shape
c) Striated: the cells appear to have dark and light stripes
d) Primarily controlled voluntarily
e) Primary function is movement of the skeleton
f) Move quickly and powerfully
Skull
composed of cranial and facial bones
Smooth muscle
a) Primary function is to transport materials through the body
b) Does not have striations
c) Movement is involuntary
d) Move materials through the body with slow, powerful, and prolonged contractions
Spongy bone
porous bone filled with marrow, nerves, and blood vessels located inside the epiphysis
Sutures
jagged lines that connect the skull bones together
Tarsal bones
ankle bones that attach the foot to the leg
Tendons
dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Thoracic cage
a) Function: protects vital organs in your thorax and prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration
b) Composed of 12 pairs of ribs along with associated cartilage and the sternum
Tibia
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg (the shin bone)
Tissues
organized cells
Ulna
medial bone of the forearm
Vertebral column
allows the spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord, protects the spinal cord, and supports the weight of the head and trunk
Yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
Albumin
manufactured in the liver and regulates the amount of water in your blood and tissues
Alveoli
the microscopic, balloon-like sacs lined with capillaries at the end of the smallest bronchioles
Aorta
the largest artery in the body that branches into smaller blood vessels
Aortic semilunar valve
allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta
Arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Atria
two thin-walled chambers serve as the entrances to the heart
A-V valves
allow the blood to flow from each atrium to the corresponding ventricle but do not allow blood to flow the opposite way
Bronchi
2 branches that lead from the trachea to each lung
Bronchioles
smallest branches of the bronchi
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Diaphragm
a) Separates their body cavity into the abdominal and thoracic cavities
b) When the diaphragm contracts, it expands the lungs and causes air to enter; when it relaxes, the lungs contract and air is exhaled
Epiglottis
a flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
External respiration
process of breathing in and out, oxygen and carbon dioxide being exchanged in the alveoli
Fibrinogen
manufactured in the liver and helps form blood clots
Gas transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide use the bloodstream as a transportation system to get where they need to go
Globulins
manufactured in the liver and lymph tissue and helps transport fats around the body and fight infection
Hemocytoblasts
stem cells
Hemo
allows cells to carry oxygen throughout the body and remove carbon dioxide; found in the cytoplasm of red blood cells and is an iron-containing protein
Heart
a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Internal respiration
when oxygen is transferred from the red blood cells in the capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide waste is given to the red blood cells in return
Larynx
voice box
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Lung
main organs of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity
hollow space behind the nose
Pericardium
tough white sac that protects the heart
Pharynx
throat
Plasma
pale yellow liquid composed mostly of water containing dissolved nutrients, wastes, hormones, and 3 types of blood proteins
Platelets
thrombocytes
(1) Cell fragments formed in the bone marrow
(2) Help blood clot near wounds
Pleural membrane
a double membrane that lines the rib cage to prevent friction between the rib cage and lungs.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary arteries
Red blood cells
erythrocytes - make up 95% of the formed elements; carry oxygen
Septum
thick wall separating the atria and ventricles
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells
Trachea
windpipe
Thrombocytes
platelets;
(1) Cell fragments formed in the bone marrow
(2) Help blood clot near wounds
Veins
blood vessels that carry the deoxygenated blood toward the heart
Ventricle
two chambers found on the bottom of the heart
White blood cells
leukocytes:
(1) Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
(2) Able to move via ameboid movement
(3) Function to protect the body from disease causing organisms
