HUM Finals Flashcards
Arguments containts 2 minimum statements which are?
Premise and Conclusion
Conclusion from
a universal-prop
to particular-
prop
Deductive
Conclusion from
a particular
instance to a
universal-prop
inductive
Symbol for Major term
P
Symbol for Minor term
S
Symbol for middle term
M
Subject
matter of an
argument
CONTENT
Structure/
pattern of
an argument
Form
What is the name of the first figure?
Sub-Pre
name of second figure
Pre-Pre
name of third figure
Sub-Sub
name of fourth figure
pre-sub
Rules 1-5 governs
Terms
RUles 6-10 governs
Propositions
Rule 1
The middle term must always
be taken in the same sense.
RULES 2 and 3:
The Major Term and Minor
Term cannot have a greater extension in
the conclusion than in the premise.
The predicate is
universal in the
conclusion, not
in the major
premise
Illicit Major
The subject is
universal in the
conclusion, not
in the minor
premise
ILLICIT Minor
Rule 4
The middle term should not
occur in the conclusion.
Rule 5
RULE 5: The middle term must be
distributed universally, at least once, in
the premises
RULE 6:
Two affirmative premises
cannot give a negative conclusion
RULE 7
: From two negatives, nothing
follows
RULE 8:
From two particular premises,
nothing follows
RULE 9:
The conclusion follows the
weaker premise.
appears to be true, but false upon closer inspection
Fallacy
etymology of Fallacy
Fallere (Latin)
What does Fallere mean?
To deceive
Premises are not relevant to the conclusion
Fallacies of relevance
Evidence is not sufficient
Fallacies of weak induction
2 types of fallacies
Fallacies of relevance
Fallacies of Weak induction
Uses force or threat to a person
Argumentum ad baculum
Appeal to pity or support a statement. (pity or emotion)
Argumentum ad misericordiam
Appeal to “Majority is always right” (Appeal to people or appeal to the masses)
Argumentum ad populum (Mob appeal fallacy)
Discrediting the person (against the person not the topic)
Argumentum ad hominem
Attacking the character by pointing facts that elicit negative reaction towards them)
Abusive:
Discredited because of the circumstance of the person’s life
Circumstantial:
Attempt to defend oneself against some accusation by making a counter charge at the user.
Tu Quoque (you too):
kinds of ad hominem
Abusive
Circumstantial
Tu quoque
Distortion of the opponent’s argument for an easy attack (Exaggeration)
Straw Man:
made to who do not have the proper authority/legitimate claim
(Appeal to weak/misplaced authority)
Argumentum ad Verecundiam
given statement is accepted true simply because it cannot be proven false
(Appeal to ignorance)
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
An event is mistaken to cause a given effect (Superstitions and Traditions)
Post Hoc (False Cause)
Leaving a possibly false key premise and creating the illusion that nothing else is needed to establish the conclusion (Answering a question just for the sake of answering it)
Petitio Principii (Begging the Question)
Committed when two or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both of them (Questions are asked to get a specific answer)
Complex Question
What is true of the members of a class is true of all the members of the class
(Looking at a smaller sample class rather than the whole population)
Hasty Generalization (Converse Accident)
What is true of the members of a class is true of all the members of the class
Answer
Converse Accident
refers to an argument that uses one word to mean two different things.
Equivocation
