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HUBS > HUBS L28 - Cortisol > Flashcards

HUBS L28 - Cortisol Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

1.Inner - Aldosterone
2.Cortisol
3.Androgens

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2
Q

What system is the adrenal medulla made of

A

The sympathetic nervous system as it secretes adrenaline

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3
Q

What does aldosterone manage?

A

The salts in the body

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4
Q

What is adrenaline made in response to?

A

Stress

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5
Q

What kind of hormone is cortisol?

A

Lipid soluble hormone that is made from a cholesterol substrate

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6
Q

When is cortisol made?

A

As it is lipid soluble, we cant store it and hence, it is synthesised only when required

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7
Q

How is Cortisol transported around the body?

A

By carrier protein Corticosteroid binding globulin

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8
Q

How does cortisol bind to cells?

A

Intracellular receptor in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What happens after hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA

A

Transcription of DNA –> mRNA –> Protein synthesis with is what makes the cell function differently

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10
Q

Why is cortisol the slowest process to get a cellular response?

A

Hormone has to be made –> transported –> genes need to be transcribed

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11
Q

What causes cortisol release

A

Stress, day-night rhythm, low blood glucose level

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12
Q

What causes the release of CRH

A

The hypo intergrates the info of the body, if the CRH neurons reach threshold –> AP is fired and CRH released into the portal blood vessels of the AP

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13
Q

What is CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

What does AP secrete?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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15
Q

What does the Adrenal cortex secrete?

A

The ACTH travels through the systemic bloodstream and affects the Adrenal cortex, causing it to synthesise and secrete Cortisol when required

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16
Q

Effects of cortisol on the different tissues

A

Muscle - Protein breakdown (aminos used to make glucose)
Fat - broken down into fatty acids (used to make glucose) glucose uptake decreases to manage the blood glucose conc.
liver - glucose synthesis, takes longer

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17
Q

Other effects of cortisol

A

*Deals with stress
*Long term - supresses the immune system making it harder to fight diseases
*appropriate level required to maintain normal blood pressure

18
Q

Where does negative feedback apply for cortisol

A

For normal activities

19
Q

How to combat cortisol release in response to stress

A

Eliminate the source of stress

20
Q

When is cortisol the highest

A

Peaks upon waking

21
Q

What do cortisol levels look like throughout the day?

A

Fluctuates throughout the day, glucose maintenance fluctuates,
After a meal, when blood sugar drops, cortisol levels rise again

22
Q

What is cortisol disease

A

Changes in cortisol patterns because of different sleeping patterns,

23
Q

Cortisol function in response to stress

A

*Increase in blood glucose levels
*fat, protein and carb metabolism to maintain blood glucose levels
*Antiinflammatory
*Increase BP by constricting diameter and increase force of contraction
*activation of the CNS

24
Q

What is the synthetic antiinflammatory drug

A

Hydrocortisone

25
Q

Hyposecretion (hormone levels)

A

Too little

26
Q

hypersecretion

A

Too much being produced

27
Q

Hormone receptors

A

Hyposensitivity - little response
Hyper’’ - too much response

28
Q

What causes these?

A

*Autoimmune - immune attacks own cells, destruction of receptors/artificial stimulation of receptors
*Genetic mutations that cause gain/loss of functions
*Tumours - Excess tissue = more hormone OR excess tissue smooshes other tissue so less secretion from other tissue

29
Q

Hyposecretion and Autoimmune response

A

The destruction of receptors or tissue that secretes the hormone/other factors results in Hyposecretion eg Addisons disease

30
Q

Addisons disease

A

*Lowered secretion of Cortisol and aldosterone (Salt affected)
*Adrenal cortex is affected
*Low cortisol doesn’t feedback, ACTH keeps being secreted and binds to receptors it shouldn’t –> melanin synthesis
*Low blood pressure - not enough blood to brain
*Mental and physical weakness because body not making enough glucose

31
Q

Hypersecretion and Tumours

A

Tumours –> more cells secreting hormone = hypersecretion
eg tumour in adrenal glands releases more cortisol –> Cushing’s disease

32
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

*Buffalo hump on back of neck
*Moon face
*High bp - weak arterial walls can burst or bulge
Protein and fat breakdown - muscle wasting but resdistribution of body fat

33
Q

What can stress stimulus be?

A

External/internal
*Envir, lack of fuel (famine)

34
Q

Stress response

A

Hypo integrates info and organises a response and activates:
*Adrenal glands
*rate of signalling in Sympathetic nervous system
*Affects PP
*Body responds in response to these

35
Q

Integrated stress response

A

*Hypo integrates and makes a decision
*Neurons conduct APs through symp pregan fibres and synapse to adrenal medulla –> secretes adrenaline
(^ blood glucose using stores, binds to heart cells and contracts it therefore ^Heart rate and BP)
*CRH released hypo –> ACTH to AP –> circulated in blood and activates adrenal cortex to synthesise and release cortisol –> takes time (Gluconeogenesis in liver, acts on heart and blood vessels to ^ BP)
*CRH –> PP –> ADH (Decrease H20 secretion so this ^ blood volume and BP and this helps to thermoregulate and muscles to run away from the sympathetic “F/F/F” response

36
Q

Initial response to stress

A

Alarm phase

37
Q

What happens in the alarm phase

A

Hypo –> symp stimulation –> adrenal glands release Epi and NE
[ ^ in mental alertness * E used by cells *Using glycogen and lipid reserves for E ^ in Blood glu *not wasting E by having a reduction in digestive activity *^sweat to cool skin *^ heart and respiratory rate to get more O2 to be used]

38
Q

Visceral responses in the alarm phase

A

*Cardioaccelatory - ^ heart rate and force of contraction
*Vasomotor reflex - diameter of pheripheral blood vessels
*^ Pupil diameter

39
Q

Resistance phase

A

*After a couple of hours of stress
*Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
*^ blood glu conc due to synthesis of glucose from store (glucose either stocked or in this case stores used up)
*Glucagon from liver to ^
*Growth hormone released to ^Blood glu
*Kidneys –> more salt absorbed for ions
*ADH for retention of fluid –> ^blood volume

40
Q

Exhaustion phase

A

*weeks/months
*Homeostatic responses breakdown
*Heart failure –> K+ couldn’t be maintained and heart failed because this was not regulated
*dUE TO OVERFUNCTIONING ADRENALS
*Too much cortisol –> supresses immune –> ^ in infections

HUBS (27 decks)

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