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HUBS L28 - Cortisol Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

1.Inner - Aldosterone
2.Cortisol
3.Androgens

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2
Q

What system is the adrenal medulla made of

A

The sympathetic nervous system as it secretes adrenaline

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3
Q

What does aldosterone manage?

A

The salts in the body

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4
Q

What is adrenaline made in response to?

A

Stress

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5
Q

What kind of hormone is cortisol?

A

Lipid soluble hormone that is made from a cholesterol substrate

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6
Q

When is cortisol made?

A

As it is lipid soluble, we cant store it and hence, it is synthesised only when required

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7
Q

How is Cortisol transported around the body?

A

By carrier protein Corticosteroid binding globulin

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8
Q

How does cortisol bind to cells?

A

Intracellular receptor in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What happens after hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA

A

Transcription of DNA –> mRNA –> Protein synthesis with is what makes the cell function differently

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10
Q

Why is cortisol the slowest process to get a cellular response?

A

Hormone has to be made –> transported –> genes need to be transcribed

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11
Q

What causes cortisol release

A

Stress, day-night rhythm, low blood glucose level

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12
Q

What causes the release of CRH

A

The hypo intergrates the info of the body, if the CRH neurons reach threshold –> AP is fired and CRH released into the portal blood vessels of the AP

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13
Q

What is CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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14
Q

What does AP secrete?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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15
Q

What does the Adrenal cortex secrete?

A

The ACTH travels through the systemic bloodstream and affects the Adrenal cortex, causing it to synthesise and secrete Cortisol when required

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16
Q

Effects of cortisol on the different tissues

A

Muscle - Protein breakdown (aminos used to make glucose)
Fat - broken down into fatty acids (used to make glucose) glucose uptake decreases to manage the blood glucose conc.
liver - glucose synthesis, takes longer

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17
Q

Other effects of cortisol

A

*Deals with stress
*Long term - supresses the immune system making it harder to fight diseases
*appropriate level required to maintain normal blood pressure

18
Q

Where does negative feedback apply for cortisol

A

For normal activities

19
Q

How to combat cortisol release in response to stress

A

Eliminate the source of stress

20
Q

When is cortisol the highest

A

Peaks upon waking

21
Q

What do cortisol levels look like throughout the day?

A

Fluctuates throughout the day, glucose maintenance fluctuates,
After a meal, when blood sugar drops, cortisol levels rise again

22
Q

What is cortisol disease

A

Changes in cortisol patterns because of different sleeping patterns,

23
Q

Cortisol function in response to stress

A

*Increase in blood glucose levels
*fat, protein and carb metabolism to maintain blood glucose levels
*Antiinflammatory
*Increase BP by constricting diameter and increase force of contraction
*activation of the CNS

24
Q

What is the synthetic antiinflammatory drug

A

Hydrocortisone

25
Hyposecretion (hormone levels)
Too little
26
hypersecretion
Too much being produced
27
Hormone receptors
Hyposensitivity - little response Hyper'' - too much response
28
What causes these?
*Autoimmune - immune attacks own cells, destruction of receptors/artificial stimulation of receptors *Genetic mutations that cause gain/loss of functions *Tumours - Excess tissue = more hormone OR excess tissue smooshes other tissue so less secretion from other tissue
29
Hyposecretion and Autoimmune response
The destruction of receptors or tissue that secretes the hormone/other factors results in Hyposecretion eg Addisons disease
30
Addisons disease
*Lowered secretion of Cortisol and aldosterone (Salt affected) *Adrenal cortex is affected *Low cortisol doesn't feedback, ACTH keeps being secreted and binds to receptors it shouldn't --> melanin synthesis *Low blood pressure - not enough blood to brain *Mental and physical weakness because body not making enough glucose
31
Hypersecretion and Tumours
Tumours --> more cells secreting hormone = hypersecretion eg tumour in adrenal glands releases more cortisol --> Cushing's disease
32
Cushing's disease
*Buffalo hump on back of neck *Moon face *High bp - weak arterial walls can burst or bulge Protein and fat breakdown - muscle wasting but resdistribution of body fat
33
What can stress stimulus be?
External/internal *Envir, lack of fuel (famine)
34
Stress response
Hypo integrates info and organises a response and activates: *Adrenal glands *rate of signalling in Sympathetic nervous system *Affects PP *Body responds in response to these
35
Integrated stress response
*Hypo integrates and makes a decision *Neurons conduct APs through symp pregan fibres and synapse to adrenal medulla --> secretes adrenaline (^ blood glucose using stores, binds to heart cells and contracts it therefore ^Heart rate and BP) *CRH released hypo --> ACTH to AP --> circulated in blood and activates adrenal cortex to synthesise and release cortisol --> takes time (Gluconeogenesis in liver, acts on heart and blood vessels to ^ BP) *CRH --> PP --> ADH (Decrease H20 secretion so this ^ blood volume and BP and this helps to thermoregulate and muscles to run away from the sympathetic "F/F/F" response
36
Initial response to stress
Alarm phase
37
What happens in the alarm phase
*Hypo --> symp stimulation --> adrenal glands release Epi and NE [* ^ in mental alertness * E used by cells *Using glycogen and lipid reserves for E ^ in Blood glu *not wasting E by having a reduction in digestive activity *^sweat to cool skin *^ heart and respiratory rate to get more O2 to be used]
38
Visceral responses in the alarm phase
*Cardioaccelatory - ^ heart rate and force of contraction *Vasomotor reflex - diameter of pheripheral blood vessels *^ Pupil diameter
39
Resistance phase
*After a couple of hours of stress *Adrenal cortex releases cortisol *^ blood glu conc due to synthesis of glucose from store (glucose either stocked or in this case stores used up) *Glucagon from liver to ^ *Growth hormone released to ^Blood glu *Kidneys --> more salt absorbed for ions *ADH for retention of fluid --> ^blood volume
40
Exhaustion phase
*weeks/months *Homeostatic responses breakdown *Heart failure --> K+ couldn't be maintained and heart failed because this was not regulated *dUE TO OVERFUNCTIONING ADRENALS *Too much cortisol --> supresses immune --> ^ in infections

HUBS (27 decks)

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