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HUBS > Bone growth - Joint, Tissues and structures > Flashcards

Bone growth - Joint, Tissues and structures Flashcards

1
Q

How did all bones begin?

A

As a cartilaginous model in the womb

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2
Q

At 10 weeks in utero, you find…

A

Future hip bones and primary ossification centres in the femur

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3
Q

At 16 weeks in utero, you find…

A

Flat bones of the skull and long bones of limbs

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4
Q

When does the cartilage model begin to develop?

A

At 6 weeks

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5
Q

Process of cartilage into bone

A

intermembranous and endochondral ossification

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6
Q

What happens when ossification starts?

A

The cells inside the cartilage expand and precipitate Calcium. Chondrocytes die and leave cavities

Blood vessels proliferate around outside of cartilage and bring osteogenic cells –> osteoblasts and then they lay down bone tissue i.e organic and inorganic. This process repeats when vessels penetrate the cartilage and lay down cells inside.

More bone formed in the centre –> diaphysis. It is the 1º ossification centre i.e formed first

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7
Q

Do babies have tarsals

A

Nope, not until later, otherwise its just cartilage

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8
Q

How are epiphyses created?

A

Same process as the diaphyses but later

The plate that divides the diaphyses and epiphyses is the epipheseal plate (cartilage, growth). Allows growth to happen in the epiphyses and diaphyses, especially in linear growth of diaphyses

Osteoblasts converts cartilage into bone until after peak bone growth is reached

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9
Q

How does Linear bone growth in the diaphyses happen?

A

Chondrocytes at the superior epipheseal side divide and expand to produce more cartilage.

Chondrocytes at the diapheseal side degenerate and break down

The osteoblasts at the diapheseal side migrates upwards into cartilage and lays down new bone tissue

INTERSTITAL GROWTH

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10
Q

When does the sternal clavicle cartilage change?

A

30s

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11
Q

When does the sacrum cartilage turn into bone

A

mid 20s

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12
Q

What is a joint?

A

Articulation, where bone meets bone. It is surrounded by other soft tissue to support, stabilise or make more mobile

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13
Q

Do joints have inorganic materials?

A

No

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14
Q

Key thing about joint soft tissues

A

There are different structures depending on the function

Cartilage

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15
Q

Cartilage found in the articulations of joints

A

Hyaline, also bone model
Fibrocartilage

Have small cellular component with ECM
- Gel like fluid ground substance
- Chondrocytes in lacunae

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16
Q

Hyaline

A

Lot of gel like fluid and less collagen structures
* More H2O to resist compression and *provide a smooth surface to prevent friction between bones

It degrades with age as it loses its H2O content over time, friction between bones

17
Q

How does Cartilage get nutrients?

A

They are avascular and get their nutrients through joint loading i.e pressure put on joints causing diffusion of nutrients through fluid (loading up the fluid with mats).

18
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Collagen forms thicker bundles and lines in the direction of the stresses

resisting tension and sharing stress

Not as fluid rich as Hyaline so not as good as resisting comepression. They are found where you need to resist both compression and tension eg. Knee

19
Q

What does meniscus do?

A

Made of fibrocartilage, Deepen articular surface, cups that hold ends of femur and acts as a shock absorber. It distributes the force over a larger area rather than just a point when two bones meet

20
Q

What are ligaments and tendons made of?

A

DFCT, made of fibrocytes from fibroblasts

21
Q

What are cartilage cells?

A

Chondrocytes

22
Q

DFCT

A

Cellular component of Fibrocytes
ECM is made of thick protein bundles with collagen and some elastin
Less fluid and cant resist a lot of compression but can resist a lot of tension

Lined in the orientation of stress

Somewhat vascular.

23
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Bone to bone

  • Prevents bone from moving laterally (medial prevents this)/medially (lateral lig)
    -stressed parents
  • recoils bone back with little elastin but mostly collagen
24
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Bone to muscle to move bones.
- Has more movement and enable movement, pull at collagen fibres and respose is quick.
- Muscle signal travels through tendons thick bundles to pull at bone for movement

24
Q
A
25
Q

What is Bony congruence?

A

How much bone touches other bone, structure of soft tissues around joints depends on this
- More congruence = more stability

26
Q

Tissues vs Structures

A

Tissues made of specialised cells

Structures made from tissues

27
Q

3 types of joints

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
28
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • DO NOT ALLOW MOVEMENT and give stability
  • Tissue is DFCT
  • Structure is a ligament
  • Found at sutures
  • Distal tibiofibular joint
29
Q

Cartlaginous joints

A
  • Allow some movement
  • Tissue is fibrocartilage, entirely cartilage
  • Resists compression and tension
  • In between bones (cartilaginous joints) eg intervertebral disc to absorb forces from twisting etc. Another eg. Pubic symphysis
30
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

osteogenic cells in inner layer of periosteum –> daughter cells of osteoblasts add bone matrix to surface –> succesive circumferential lamellae –> osteoblasts in between lamallae become osteocytes

31
Q

Perforating fibres

A

Collagen fibres from joint capsules,ligs and tendons attatch to circumferential lamallae through the osteoblasts in the cellular layer of periosteum.

32
Q

What is endosteum?

A
  • Incomplete lining found in the medullary cavity
  • Covers trabeculae lining the central canals
  • Surface is usually osteogenic cells that covers matrix, no cells matrix exposed
33
Q

Why is the inner surface of the circumferential lamalle incomeplete?

A

Because of Osteoclasts that reside in osteoclastic crypts i.e shallow depressions

34
Q

Intramembranous ossification bones called

A

Dermal/membrane bones as bone are created deep in dermis

35
Q

Process of intramembranous

A

IN OSSIFICATION CENTRE
- Mesenchymal –> osteoblast –> bone matrix which then becomes one with Ca salts and forms bone
-Moves outward in struts called spicules that engulf some osteoblasts to be recruited to become osteocytes
-Blood vessels invade and as spicules join they capture them
- Plate of spongy bone around the blood vessels
- After process, the fibres around bone become outer layer od perio and the first layer of osteoblasts become the cellular layer
-Diploë

36
Q

Amount of motion at a joint

A

Range Of Motion

HUBS (27 decks)

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