HPsych 2 Flashcards
What are some of the common stereotypes surrounding disability?
Pitiable
Sweet/innocent
Sinister/evil
Triumphing over tradgedy
Laughable
Non-sexual
Chip on their shoulder
Burden/outcast
What are the implications of lack of understanding of diversity of disability?
Unawareness of needs
Lack of empathy
Treating them differently (Discrimination)
Incorrect assessment of consent/competence
What are the different types of barriers presented to disabled people in accessing primary care/GP practices
Physical/environmental barriers
Attitudinal and behavioural barriers
Institutional barriers
Give some examples of some physical/environmental barriers in accessing primary care
Your examples may vary, just make sure you can hit the LO (identify barriers for people with disability in healthcare)
- Transport to GP
- Accessing the site (Stairs, Doors)
- Lack of visual cues to enter GP consultation room
Give some examples of attitudinal/behavioural barriers to disabled people accessing primary healthcare
- Staff helping without being asked or asking if they would like help under assumption that they do
- Communication with untrained staff very difficult
- Lack of interpreters for sign language
Give some examples of Institutional barriers to primary healthcare for those with disabilities
General:
Lack of staff training
Inexperience of staff
Lack of clearly understandable information (bad font, no option for braille or audio)
Lack of flexibility of service (home visits, telephone consultation)
Give two definitions of disability
Medical model of disability:
- Any restriction or lack resulting from any impairment of ability to perform any activity within the bounds of normal human range
Social Model:
- The disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organisation which takes little or no account of those with physical impairment and thuse excludes them from participation in mainstream social activities
What are the implications of the two models of disability’s definition of disability
Medical:
- Negative body message (not normal)
- Disability is a given in absence of a cure
Social:
- Disability is due to society not making accomodations for impairment
- Greater consideration therefore given to individual needs
Define “Health related behaviours” and give some examples
Any behaviour that may promote good health or illness
E.g.
Smoking
Drinking alcohol
Drug use
Exercise
Diet
Safer sex
Screening checks
Adherence to treatment regimens
What are the 3 ‘Learning theories’
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
Describe the process of classical conditioning
Animals have inherent reactions to certain stimulus
By pairing a stimulus that does not have inherent reaction and a stimulus that does an animal can be trained to produce reaction to the new stimulus even in absence of original inherent stimulus
E.g. Pavlov’s Dogs
Food = Salivation
Bell + Food = Salivation
Bell = Salivation
Give 2 human examples of classical conditioning
Anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy
Phobias (E.g. Fear of hospitals)
How might classical conditioning relate to formation of negative health behaviours?
Behaviours such as smoking/drinking can become paired with environment (E.g. work break) or emotions (E.g. Anxiety)
This conditions health behaviour as a response to stimulus (work break/anxiety) forming a habit
How might classical conditioning relate to breaking habitual negative health behaviours?
Aversive technique:
Pair behaviour with unpleasant response
E.g. Alcohol + Disulfuram leads to nausea
Nausea comes to be associated with drinking
Break unconsious response:
- Introducing awareness of unconsious response to stimulus allows us to consiously decide to not continue
E.g. Elastic band around cigarette packet, Breaks normal routine of getting a cigarette hence drawing our attention to what we’re doing
Describe the theory of operant conditioning
People/animals act on environment and behaviour is shaped by consequences (rewarded or punished)
Behaviour reinforced if:
- Rewarded
- Punishment is removed
Behaviour decreases if:
- Punished
- Reward is taken away
How is operant conditioning related to health behaviour?
Unhealthy behaviours often give short term reward and so are reinforced
We must shape behaviour throught reinforcement of positive behaviours and punishment of negatives
E.g. Saving money for a holiday by quiting smoking
What are the limitations of the two ‘conditioning’ learning theories?
Based on simple stimulus-response associations
No account for cognitive processes, knowledge, beliefs, memory, expectations etc
No account of social context
Describe the Social learning theory
Behaviour is focused on desired goals/outcomes
Motivated to perform behaviours we percieve as:
- Valued (lead to rewards)
- We believe we are able to enact (self efficacy)
We learn what behaviours are rewarded and how likely it is we can perform that behaviour from observing others (models)
Modelling more effective is model is higher status that you or like you
