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ESA 3 > Embryology (Not Finished) > Flashcards

Embryology (Not Finished) Flashcards

1
Q

Fter gastrulation, what are the two areas of the trilaminar disk where endo- and ectoderm are in direct contact?

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane (rostrally)

Cloacal membrane (caudally)

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2
Q

What are the 3 primitive kidney systems and from what tissue do they develop?

A

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Metanephros

All develop from Intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

Identify the red and yellow structures and label the lines

A

Yellow

Gut tube

Red

Intermediate mesoderm

Boxes from top clockwise:

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Pronephric Duct

Metanephros

Cloaca

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4
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A

Never functions as a filtration system

The pronephric duct is the only useful structure as it drives the development of the next developemental stage

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5
Q

Describe the development of the pronephros

A

Begins developing in the cervical region of the intermediate mesoderm

Drops the long pronephric duct down caudally, running parallel to the gut tube

Finally connecting to the caudal gut tube at the cloaca

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6
Q

What structure develops after the pronephros?

A

The urogenital ridge is created as intermediate mesoderm continues to develop cranially to caudally

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7
Q

What structures are found within the urogenital ridge?

A

The mesonephros

The mesonephric duct (What used to be the pronephric duct)

Gonad

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8
Q

What are the structures and functions of the embryonic kidney?

A

Structures:

Mesonephric tubules

Mesonephric duct

Function:

Mesonephric tubules developing in the mesonephros can perform primitive renal function (can’t conserve water)

Mesonephric duct sprouts the uretic bud which induces definitive kidney development

Mesonephric duct has important role in male reproductive system development

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9
Q

Label the boxes

A

Top then Bottom:

Mesonephros

Mesonephric duct

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10
Q

Describe the development of the metanephros and ureteric bud

A

Ureteric bud appears on the mesonephrotic duct

This stimulates a zone of special intermediate mesoderm to develop/differentiate into the metanephric blastema

The ureteric bud contacts the blastema and starts to expand and branch, later developing into the ureter, renal pelvis, calycies and collecting ducts (collecting system) while the blastema (excretory component) develops around it

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11
Q

Label this diagram of metanephric development

A

Boxes From top left clockwise:

Uretic bud contacts metanephros

Bud expands and branches

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvis

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12
Q

During it’s development, the metanephros moves.

Describe where it moves

What is the mechanism of movement?

A

Where:

Metanephros undergoes an ‘apparent’ caudal to cranial shift into its final position in the lumbar region

Crosses the arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from fetus to placenta

Mechanism:

Largely due to elongation of the trunk

Some genuine movement of the metanephros

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13
Q

Describe how the kidneys are vascularised during ascent

How is this relevant clinically?

A

Blood is supplied by a series of arteries from the aorta

One artery is present at a time

As kidney moves cranially, another artery develops to supply it

Previous artery degenerates

Clinical:

​This sequence explains the common appearance of multiple renal arteries, if one artery fails to degenerate then multiple will be seen in the adult

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14
Q

What might happen if a ureteric bud fails to interact with the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Renal agenesis

Usually uni-lateral

Compatible with life if unilateral

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15
Q

What is a Wilm’s Tumour?

A

Cancer of the kidney’s that normally affects <5s but may occur fetally

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16
Q

Describe how ectopic ureteral orifices might come about and where they may open

A

Splitting of the ureteric bud can lead to development of multiple ureters developing

The symptomatic consequence is multiple ureteric orifices

These may drain into the vagina or the urethra (potentially cuasing incontinence)

17
Q

What leads to the development of multicystic kidney disease and how does it present?

A

Atresia of the ureter

Large fluid filled (urine) cysts present in the kidney due to lack of urine outflow

18
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

Genetic disease

Presents early

Poor prognosis

Results in the appearance of large fluid filled cysts in the kidneys

19
Q

Early in development, where do the GI, urinary and reproductive tracts end?

A

The Cloaca

20
Q

As development progresses how are the GI and urinary tracts split?

A

The development of the urorectal septum divides the hindgut (endoderm) into the urinary tract (urogenital sinus) and the GI tract

21
Q

Early in development what is the only structure associated with the urogneital sinus?

What is the adult form?

A

The urachus

Median umbilical ligament

22
Q

Describe the Urogenital sinus’s structure and what each part will later develop into

A

Divided into 3 parts

Largest upper part:

Future bladder

Pelvic and phallic:

Parts of the future urethra

23
Q

Label the image on the left with what these sections will develop into

Label the image on the right with the embryonic names of thes sections

A

Right, Top to bottom:

Bladder

Urethra

Left, Top to bottom:

Future bladder

Phallic part

Pelvic part

24
Q

These diagrams show the development of what sex?

Label these diagrams with the process occuring at this point in development?

A

Male

Boxes from top left:

Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus

Ureteric bud sprouts from MDs

Smooth musculature appears and UGS expands

UBs and MDs make independent openings in the UGS

MDs become reproductive ducts maintained by androgens

Prostate and prostatic urethra formed

25
Q

Development of what sex is shown?

Label the boxes with the process occuring at each respective stage

A

Female

Boxes from top left:

Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus

Ureteric buds sprout from MDs

UGS expands, MDs begin to regress

MD regression continues, Ureteric buds open into UGS

MD regression completes

26
Q

What structures do the urethras of each sex develop from?

Hint: Include origin of each urethral section

A

Female:

Urethra develops from the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus

Male:

Pre-prostatic, prostatic and membranous urethra develop from pelvic section of UGS

Spongy urethra develops from the phallic section of the UGS

27
Q

What are the basic embryonic components of the external genitalia?

Describe in few words the difference in development of the male and femal external genitalia

A

Components:

Genital tubercle

Genital folds

Genital swellings

28
Q

Label this diagram

A

Top row far left:

Indifferent stage

Diagrams all from anus clockwise:

7 weeks:

Genital swelling

Genital fold

Genital tubercle

Urogenital sinus

9 weeks:

Genital swelling

Genital fold

Phallus

Urogenital sinus

Male, 12 weeks:

Scrotum

Wall of urethral groove

Glans penis

Urethral groove

Scrotal raphe

Female, 12 weeks:

Labia minora

Labia majora

Clitoris

Urethra orifice

Vaginal orifice

29
Q

What are some the congenital abnormalites related to development of structures arising from the urogenital sinus?

A

Fistulae

Exstrophy of the bladder

Ectopic ureteral orifices

Hypospadias

30
Q

Describe hypospadias

A

Arises from defect in the fusion of urethral folds

Urethra opens onto the ventral surface of the penis rather than at the glans

ESA 3 (54 decks)

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