Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA 3 > GI 6 > Flashcards

GI 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Give the 3 basic features of Chyme and related these features to the actions of the duodenum

A

Acidic:

Aciditicy corrected in duodenum via secretion of HCO3- from pancreas, liver and duodenal mucosa

Hypertonic:

Corrected via osmotic movement of water over duodenal wall

Partially digested:

Digestion completed with enzymes from pancreas and small intestal mucosa ans well as bile salts from the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two major functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine function

Endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outline the exocrine pancreas functions

A

Secretes:

Alkaline juice

Enzymes:

    • Chymotrypsinogen*
    • Trypsinogen*
    • Elastase*
    • Carboxypeptidase*
    • Amylases*
    • Lipases*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structural features are responsible for the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine tissue is glandular:

Glands secrete enzymes

Ducts secrete Alkaline juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe how the pancreas produces enzymes

A

Enzymes synthesised by ribosomes of Acinar gland epithelium

- mostly as inactive precursors

Then packaged into condensing vacuoles by golgi

Then form zymogen granules

- Secretory granules that appear dense

Zymogens granules secreted via exocytosis

Enzymes activated in the intestine by enzymatic cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a haematological sign of pancreatic damage?

A

Pancretic enzymes appearing in blood (Amylase commonly looked for)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

outline the control of Acinar secretion in the exocrine pancreas

A

Stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK) during the Intestinal phase of GI control

- CCK released from duodenal APUD cells

CCK release stimulated by:

    • Hypertonicity*
    • Fats*

Some receptors also stimulated by gastrin due to receptor homology

Vagus nerve also stimulates via Ach during the cephalic phase of control (Advance secretion in preparation of food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

OUtline the process of ductal secretion in the exocrine pancreas

A

Ductal cells secrete HCO3-:

Basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase creates Na+ gradient across apical membrane

Basolateral Na+/H+ exchanger exports H+ to react with HCO3- in the ECF

CO2 and H2O taken into the cell and react

H+ produced is recycled

HCO3- is exported to duct lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is ductal secretion in the exocrine pancreas controlled?

A

Stimulated by Secretin:

Secreted from jejunal cells

In response to low pH within jejunum

Action facilitated by CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Haematogenous functions:

Energy metabolism

Detoxification

Plasma protein synthesis

GI functions:

Secretion of Bile (0.25-1.0L.day-1)

- Contains bile acids and alkaline juice for digestion as well as excreting bile pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Label this image

What does this image show?

A

Top row:

Bile duct

Bile canal

Kupffer cell

Hepatic cells

Bottom row:

Branch of hepatic portal vein

Branch of hepatic artery

Blood flow into the liver

Hepatic sinusoids

Central canal (blood flow out of liver)

Image shows the components of a liver lobule (Functional unit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two components of Bile and where are they snythesised?

A

Bile acid dependent:

Secreted into canaliculi (which drain into branches of the bile duct) by hepatocytes

Contains Bile acids and pigments

Bile acid independent:

Secreted by duct cells

Alakaline juice like that of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are bile acids?

Give examples and describe function

A

Related to cholesterol:

E.g. Cholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid

Conjugated to amino acids

Travel in the bile as micelles containing bile acids, cholesterol and phopsholipids

Function:

Needed for digestion and absorption of fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline the breakdown of globules of fat in the GI tract

A

Fats tend to form large globules as stomach acid breaks down natural emulsions

- Low surface area for enzymes

Bile acids emulsify the fat into smaller globules with increased surface area

Lipases have greater area to act and cleave fatty acids and glycerol

Colipase links bile acids and lipases to spread them over the surface of globules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What form do fatty acids take once lipase has separated them from glycerol?

Give a brief description of form and function

A

Forms micelles:

Polar groups of bile acids surround hydrophobic fats

4-6nm in diameter (20 lipid molecules)

Requires a certain conc of bile acids

Also sequesters cholesterol, ADEK vitamins and phospholipids

Function:

Carries the fatty acids throught he aqueous limunal contents to the unstirred layer next to epithelia

Fatty acids etc. are released and enter cells via diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to fatty acids once they enter the epithelial in the gut?

A

Resynthesised as lipids internally

Exported to lymphatics as chylomicrons

- Lipid coated with polar protein and phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the enterohepatic circulation of Bile acids

A

Bile acids formed in liver and released into the bile duct

Released into lumen of the gut after fatty acids have been absorbed

Absorpted actively by terminal ileum

Return to hepatic portal blood to hepatic sinusoids

Hepatocytes actively take up and resecrete bile acids

  • Most bile acid recovered, some unconjugated by gut bacteria and lost*
  • Hepatocytes synthesise more*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the gall bladder involved in enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?

A

BAs returned to liver between meals

Secreted by canalicular cells well before needed next

Gallbladder used for storage

Gallbladder concentrates the BAs via uptake of water and salt across its epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the problem with storing high concentration Bicle acid in the gallbladder?

A

High concentration increases risk of precipitation (stone formation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Outline control of the enterohepatic circulation

A

CCK stimulates gall bladder muscle, ejecting bile acids along with enzymes from pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the concequence of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes not being released in adequate amounts?

A

Steatorrhoea

- Pale, floating, foul smelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are bile pigments?

Give an example and how it’s formed and excreted

A

Excretory products:

E.g. Bilirubin

  • -Breakdown of haemoglobin produces an unconjugated form*
    • Conjugated in liver*
    • Secreted into bile*
    • Excreted in faeces*
    • Accumulates in blood with liver dysfunction leading to jaundice*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe where the liver lies in the body using anterior surface markings/areas

A

Occupies mainly the right upper quadrant

Lies deep to ribs 7-11 on the right side and crosses the midline towards the left nipple

Liver occupies most of the right hypochondrium, the upper epigastrum and extends into the left hypochondrium

24
Q

Label the image

A

Top to bottom:

Full expiration

Neutral respiratory position

Occupied 4-8cm at the midline

Occupies 6-12cm at right midclavicular line

Inspiration

25
Q

Describe the surfaces of the liver and their relation

A

Convex diaphragmatic surface

Flatter visceral (postero-inferior) surface

Separated anteriorly by the inferior border that follows the right costal margin, inferior to diaphragm

26
Q

Label this diagram

A

From top left clockwise:

Right lobe

Coronary ligament

Left triangular ligament

Apex

Left lobe

Falciform ligament

Round ligament (ligamentum teres)

Inferior border

Gallbladder

27
Q

Label this diagram

A

From top left clockwise:

Left triangular ligament

Lesser omentum

IVC

Right triangular ligament

Portal vein

Hepatic ducts

Cystic duct

Gallbladder

Inferior border

Ligamentum teres

Falciform ligament

28
Q

What are the subphrenic reccesses?

What structure separates them?

A

Superior extentions of the peritoneal cavity (greater sac) between the liver (superior and anterior aspects and the diaphragm

Split into left and right recesses by the falciform ligament wich extends between the liver and the anterior abd. wall

29
Q

What structure is found within the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres

Round ligament, the embryonic remnant of the umbilical vein

30
Q

What are the subhepatic spaces?

A

Portions of the Supracolic compartment of the peritoneal cavity directly infeior to the liver

31
Q

Describe the distribution of visceral peritoneal covering of the liver

A

Diaphragmatic surface:

Covered with visceral peritoneum except at the bare area of the liver

Bare area marked out by the coronary ligament (reflection of peritoneum from the liver to diaphragm)

Visceral surface:

Covered with peritoneum except at the fossa for the gallbladder and the Porta Hepatis (a transverse fissue where hepatic artery and lymphatics + the portal vein travel)

32
Q

What are the left and right triangular ligaments?

A

Where the reflections of the peritoneum from diaphragm to liver (Coronary ligaments) converge after surrounding the triangular bare area

LTL:

Found near the apex

RTL:

Where the coronary ligaments converge on the superior/diaphragmatic surface of the right lobe

33
Q

Label the diagram

A

Top centre clockwise:

Bare area

IVC

Left triangular ligament

Coronary ligament

Left lobe

Falciform ligament

Coronary ligament

Right lobe

Hepatic veins

Right triangular ligament

Ligament of IVC

34
Q

What are the lobes of the liver and how are they divided?

A

2 Anatomical lobes:

Divided on diaphragmatic surface by the falciform ligament

2 Accessory lobes:

Dived on the visceral surface by the right and left saggital fissures and the Porta Hepatis

35
Q

Label this diagram

A

Top right anticlockwise:

Right sagittal fissure

Caudate lobe

Left lobe

Left sagittal lobe

Porta Hepatis

Quadrate lobe

Right lobe

36
Q

Label this diagram

A

Left column:

Common hepatic duct

Portal triad (Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, Bile duct)

Galbladder

Right column:

Lesser Omentum (Hepatogastric ligament, Hepatoduodenal ligament)

Common hepatic artery

37
Q

Where is the gallbladder found?

Describe the gallbladder

A

Where:

Found in the fossa for gallbadder on the visceral surfece of the liver, it is enclosed in the fibrous capsule of the liver

Gallbladder:

Has three parts:

    • Neck*
    • Body*
    • Fundus*

Neck of the gallbladder joins the cystic duct

38
Q

Describe the biliary tree

A

From hepatocytes:

Hepatocytes secrete bile into canaliculi which merge to form interlobular biliary ducts

These in turn merge to form the Collecting bile ducts

Collecting ducts merge on each side to form the right and left hepatic ducts

R+L Hepatic ducts merge to form the common hepatic duct shortly after leaving the Porta Hepatis

CHD joined on the right by the cystic duct to form the Bile ducts

Bile duct conveys bile to the duodenum, draining into it via the ampulla of vater

Shortly before this the pancreatic duct joints the bile duct

39
Q

Label the diagram

A

Top down, left to right:

Right Hepatic duct

Left Hepatic duct

Common hepatic bile duct

Cystic duct

Common bile duct

Pancreatic duct

Ampulla of Vater

Duodenum

40
Q

Describe the differences in symptoms experienced from gall stones based on where they lodge

A

Gall bladder:

Asymptomatic

Cystic duct:

Acute cholecystitis

Common bile duct:

Biliary obstruction

Terminal duct (Post pancreatic duct joining):

Pancreatitis

41
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the Gallbladder

A

Coeliac trunk –> Common hepatic –> Right hepatic –> Cystic

Cystic artery usually arises in the triangle between the common hepatic duct, cystic duct and the visceral surface of the liver (The cystohepatic triangle)

42
Q

Label the Diagram

A

From top centre clockwise:

Gallbladder

Right hepatic artery

Left hepatic duct

Common hepatic duct

Bile duct

Cystic duct

Cystic artery

43
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal

Transversely crosses the bodies of L1 and L2 (transpyloric plane) on the posterior abd. wall

Lies posterior to the stomach

Lies between the duodenum on the right and spleen on the left

The transverse mesocolon attaches to the anterior margin

44
Q

Label the diagram

A

Left to right:

Head

Neck

Body

Tail

45
Q

Describe the head of the pancreas and its surrounding structures

A

Expanded section of the gland, embranced by the curve of the duodenum

Found to the right of the SMA (unlike the rest of the pancreas) and just inferior to the transpyloric plane (L1-L2)

46
Q

Describe the neck of the pancreas

A

Short

Overlies the Mesenteric vessels

Anterior surface is covered by peritoneum and lies adjacent to the pylorus of the stomach

SMV joins the splencic vein posterior to the neck forming the portal vein

47
Q

Describe the body of the pancreas and its surrounding structures

A

Continues from the neck, lies left of the SMV/A

Passess over the aorta and the L2 vertebrae, continues above the transpyloric plane posterior to the omental bursa

Anterior surface is covered in peritoneum, posteior is devoid of peritoneum (retroperitoneal organ remember)

Body is in contact with the Aorta, left kidney and suprarenal gland and renal vessels posteriorly

48
Q

Describe the tail of the pancreas and its surrounding structures

A

Lies anterior to the left kidney

Closely related tot he splenic hilum and the left colic flexure

Tail is relatively mobile and passes between the layers of the splenorectal ligament with the splenic vessels

49
Q

What is the main pancreatic duct?

A

Begins at the tail and runs through the gland to the head where it turns inferiorly and joins the common bile duct

50
Q

Describe the blood supply of the pancreas

A

Neck, Body, Tail:

Supplied by Greater Pancreatic Artery, a branch of the Splenic

Head:

Supplied by branches of the Gastroduodenal artery and SMA that anastomose/form arches

  • Common hepatic –> Gastroduodenal –> Anterior/Posterior Superior Pancreaticoduodenal arteries*
  • SMA –> Inferior Superior Pancreaticoduodenal –> Anterior/Posterior Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Arteries*
51
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the pancreas

A

Neck, Body, Tail:

Pancreatic veins drain into the Splenic vein

Head:

Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal vein and Superior Pancreaticoduodenal veins drain into the SMV

52
Q

Describe the spleen and it’s location

A

Spleen:

Ovoid, purplish, pulpy mass about the size and shape of a fist

Delicate

Location:

In the Upper left quadrant (Left hypochondrium to be more precise)

Entirely covered by a layer of visceral peritoneum except at the hilum where the splenic artery and vein enter and exit

53
Q

Describe the relations of the spleen:

A

Anteriorly:

Stomach

Attached via gastrosplenic ligament

Posteriorly:

Left part of diphragm, separating it from thoracic structures and the abd. wall

Inferiorly:

Left colic flexure

Medially:

Left kidney

- Attached via the splenorenal ligament

54
Q

Describe Arterial supply of the Spleen

A

Supplied by the splenic artery, the largest branch of the coeliac artery

Follows a tortuous course posterior to the omental bursa and anterior to the left kidney along the superior border of the pancreas

Splenic artery divides into 5 or more branches before entering the splenic hilum

55
Q

Describe venous drainage of the spleen

A

Splenic vein drains the spleen

Splenic vein is joined by the IMV posterior to the body of the pancreas

Splenic vein unites with the SMV behind the nech of the pancreas to form the hepatic portal vein

56
Q

Label the diagram

A

From top left anticlockwise:

Celiac artery

Common hepatic artery

Gastroduodenal artery

Right Gastro-omental artery

Anterior and posterior superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries

SMA

Uncinate process of the head of the pancreas

Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery (divides into posterior and anterior superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries)

Splenic artery

Greater pancreatic artery

57
Q

Label the diagram

A

From top centre clockwise:

Hepatic portal vein

Pancreatic vein

Splenic vein

IMV

Inferior pancreatico-duodenal vein

SMV

Superior pancreatico-duodenal vein

ESA 3 (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions