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ESA 3 > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Breifly describe the major function of the GI tract

A

Food (a complex mix of large molecules) is processed into a:

  • Sterile
  • Isotonic
  • Neutral

Solution of:

  • Small sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Small Lipids
  • Other small molecules

Ready for absorption and excretion

AKA Digestion

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2
Q

In order what are the smaller processes involved in digestion?

A

Initial physical disruption

Ingestion and transport to storage

Initial chemical disruption and suspension (chyme)

Disinfection

Controlled release of chyme

Dilution and neutralisation

Completeion of chemical breakdown

Absorption of nutrients and electrolytes

Final absorption of water and electrolytes

Excretion

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3
Q

What are the major functions of the mouth?

Include brief descriptions of how each process works

A

Mastication

Protection with saliva:

Wetting

Bacteriostatic

Alkaline High Ca2+

Start digestion:

Salivary amylase

Swallowing:

Formation of bolus

Entrance to oesophagus

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4
Q

What are the major function of the oesophagus?

A

Transport of bolus of food to stomach

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5
Q

What are the major functions of the stomach?

Include brief descriptions of how each process works

A

Storage:

Expands/relaxes to accomodate food

Initial disruption:

Contracts rhythmically to mix and disrupt food/chyme

Secretes acid and proteolytic enzymes to break down tissues and disinfect

Deliver chyme to duodenum

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6
Q

What are the major functions of the duodenum?

Include a brief description of how this process works

A

Changes Chyme:

Draws water from ECF to dilute chyme

Enzymes added from Liver and Intestine

Alkali added to the chyme from Liver and Pancreas

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7
Q

What are the major functions of the small intestine?

Include brief descriptions of how each process works

A

Absorption of nutrients and electrolytes:

Fluid passes through slowly

High surface area

Epithelial cells absorb molecules actively and passively (often coupled to Na+ absorption)

Pass absorbed material into portal vein

Absorbs majority of water (1.5L)

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8
Q

What are the major functions of the Large intestine

A

Final absorption of water (0.15L)

Slow transit

Forms faeces which accumulate in sigmoid and descending colon

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9
Q

What are the major functions of the rectum?

A

Accepts faeces periodically propelled into rectum

Urge to defecate

Controlled relaxation of sphincters and expulsion of faeces

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10
Q

Label the boxes

A

From top left anticlockwise:

Parotid salivary gland

Submandibular salivery gland

Sublingual salivary gland

Oral cavity

Pancrease

Liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Common bile duct

Transverse colon

Ascending colon

Descending colon

Cecum

Appendix

Rectum

Anus

Samll intestine (Ileum)

Pancreatic duct

Stomach

Oesophagus

Tongue

Pharynx

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11
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract wall?

Give a very brief description of each

A

Mucosa:

Epithelium and thin layer of muscularis mucosae

Submucosa:

Fibroelastic tissue with vessels, nerves, leucocytes and fat cells

Muscularis externae:

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layerss of smooth muscle with the myenteric plexus between

Serosa/Adventitia:

Thin outer covering of connective tissue

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12
Q

What is the purpose of variations in the wall structure of the GI tract?

A

Provide adaptations for specific functions whilst remaining a continuous hollow tube

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13
Q

Describe how the GI tract balances content added and absorbed in the gut

A

Addition:

We at 1Kg of food a day

Add about 1.5L of saliva

Add about 2.5L of gastric secretions

Add up to 9L of water and alkali in duodenum

Total - 14L

Absorption:

Small intestine absorbes about 12.5L of fluid

Large intestine abosrbs about 1.35L

Leaves 0.15Kg of Faeces

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14
Q

What factors of gut function reguire control and how is control acheived?

A

Motility and secretion must be controlled

Range of mechanisms:

  • Neural
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
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15
Q

How is the gut controlled neurally?

A

Somatic:

Ingestion and excretion

Autonomic:

Parasympathetic most significant

Post ganglionic neurones for plexuses (Enteric nervous system)

Co-ordinates secretion and motility

Range of neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Give examples of chemicals involved in paracrine control of the gut

A

Histamine in stomach

Various vasoactive substances

17
Q

How is Endocrine control involved in gut processes?

A

Produces its own hormones which travel in the blood within the gut

Range of hormones controlling:

Secretion of stomach acid

Alkali secretion from liver and pancreas

Enzyme secretion

18
Q

Give a brief description of Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

Can be due to musculature or neurological problems or malignancy

Tumours of the oesophagus are squamous cell carcinoma high up and adenocarcinoma lower down

19
Q

Give a brief description of acid reflux

A

Sphincter between oesophagus and stomach weakens and acid refluxes into oesophagus causing irritation and pain

20
Q

Give a brief description of Barret’s oesophagus

A

Metaplasia of lower squamous epithelium to gastric columnar to protect against acid reflux

21
Q

Give a brief description of oesophageal varices

A

Portal venous system is overloaded due to cirrhosis, blood is diverted to the oesophagus throught connecting vessels

This leads to dilation of the submucosal veins in the lower oesophagus

22
Q

Give a brief description of peptic ulceration

A

Area of damage to stomach or duodenal mucosa

Usually due to irritation from gastric acid

H. Pylori is a common cuse as it leads to a breakdown of the protective mucous layer in the stomach

23
Q

Give a brief description of pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas cuaing considerable pain

Characterised by release of amylase into bloodstream

24
Q

Give a brief description of jaundice

A

Build up of bilirubin in the blood due to pre-hepatic, post-hepatic and hepatic causes

Prehepatic:

excess haemoglobin breakdown

Hepatic:

Liver cells unable to process bilirubin

Post-Hepatic:

Obstructive, due to obstruction of bile duct causing a back up of bile (causing liver damage)

25
Q

Give a brief description of gallstones and a commonly associated symptom

A

Precipitation of bile acids and cholesterol in the gallbladder

Movement within the gallbladder or stones blocking the bile duct may lead to Biliary colic a painful condition produces by frustrated peristaltic waves trying to shift the stone

Tumours of the pancreas may also bock the bile outflow

26
Q

Give a brief description of appendicitis

A

Inflammation of appendix often due to lymphoid hyperplasia or faeocaliths

Presents as pain in right side which localises to right lower quadrant (Specifically McBurney’s point - 1/3 of the distance from ASIS to umbilicus)

27
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of peritoneum

28
Q

Give a brief description of haemorrhoids

A

Vascular structures in the anal canal that aid in stool control

Con become swollen and inflammed

Pain, itchiness and haemoatochezia are associated

29
Q

Give a brief description of Prolapse in regards to the GI tract

A

Prolapse is when an organ ‘falls out of place’

E.g. Rectum can prolapse

30
Q

Give a brief description of a diverticulum

A

High pressure in the colon produces an outpouching to form a hollow

Commonest in the sigmoid colon due to blood supply

31
Q

Give a brief description of a Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Pouch in the lower part of the intestine

A vestigial remnant of the yolk sac

Can produce gastric mucosa which may then produce gastric acid, causing irritation

ESA 3 (54 decks)

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