Horse Industry Flashcards
1
Q
uses of horses
A
- export
- pet meat
- employment
- imports
- recreation
2
Q
how many horses in australia
A
1.5 million
3
Q
what is:
- colt
- stallin
- gelding
- “by”
A
colt: entire male (<4)
stallion: entire male 4+
gelding: castrated/desexed male
“by”: a certain stallion, sire or father
4
Q
what is:
- filly
- mare
- maiden
- broodmare
- dry mare
- wet mare
- “from”
A
filly: female <4
mare: female 4+
maiden: having first foal/never won a race
broodmare: breeding
dry: broodmare w/out foal
wet: broodmare with foal suckling
“from”: mother of
5
Q
what is:
- foal
- weanling
- yearling
A
foal: either, up to 6months
weanling: foal no longer with mother (6months+)
yearling: 1 year old
6
Q
TB birthday
A
1st August
spring
7
Q
when a TB’s weaned, prepped and racing
A
6mo
- at 12mo, prepped for yearling sale
- race at 2y.o.
8
Q
what percentage of TB foals actually race
A
30%
9
Q
what does prepping a TB for race include
A
- 3 months period
- trial
- race every 2-4 weeks for 3m first season
10
Q
length of sprint, middle and distance races (TB)
A
- sprint = up to 1600m
- middle = 1600 - 2400m
- distance = 2600-3200m
11
Q
classes of TB races
A
- maiden
- class 1-6
- open class
12
Q
differences in SB racing
A
- harness
- driver not a jockey
- trot or pace gait
- cheaper
- longer race careers
- lower money
13
Q
what are trotters
A
- high speed trot with diagonally opposite F+B legs moving in same direction
- no hobbles on legs
14
Q
what are pacers
A
- legs same side in same direction
- race with hobbles
15
Q
what is showjumping
A
- varied obstacles/jumps in arena
- least faults in shortest time
16
Q
what is eventing
A
- 3-days
- day 1 = dressage (steps)
- day 2 = cross-country
- day 3 = show jumping
17
Q
what is dressage
A
- discipline
- warmbloods/crosses
18
Q
what is endurance racing
A
- 40-160km
- durability
- arab horses
defined: test ability to safely manage the stamina and fitness of the horse without compromising welfare of horse
19
Q
what is polo and polocrosse
A
- two teams of 4 riders score goals by hitting ball with mallet
- polocrosse is same but lacrosse style
20
Q
methods of IDing horses
A
- hot brand, freeze brand, lip tattoo
- written description
- blood typing
- DNA typing
- microchips
21
Q
what is included n the Australian stud book
A
- Identification -> all TB foals DNA typed, microchipped and branded
- identification cards -> ID card with breeding, marking, sex, brand and microchip
- national brand register -> TB brands recognised on ASB website, registered brand
22
Q
horse colours
A
- Bay -> brow legs and mane
- Chestnut -> full colour, white marking
- Brown -> chocolate, mane and legs same, white markings
23
Q
face markings and description
A
- blaze = thick line from forehead around muzzel
- star = white shape on forehead only
- snip = small mark on nose
- stripe = thin from forehead to nose
*conjoined or interrupted - white muzzle
24
Q
Feet markings and descriptions
A
front foot:
- coronet (band)
- pastern (space between)
- Fetlock (1st bend)
- cannon (between)
- knee (2nd bend)
- forearm
back foot:
- heel
- coronet
- fetlock
- hind cannon
- hock (2nd bend)
- gaskin (above hock)
near and off for front/back of each foot
25
where are freeze brands on TB
- off-side (right) shoulder = foal#/year born
- near-side (left) shoulder = stud/owner's brand
26
where are freeze brands on SB
- alpha angle brand on RHS crest (under mane)
- upper row = S + state + year of foaling
- bottom row = serial # of foal
27
states and numbers for TB
2 = NSW/ACT
3 ^ = VIC
4 = QLD
5 > = SA/NT
6 = WA
7 = TAS
28
how to age horses by teeth
central permanent = 2.5 years
2nd/lateral permanents = 3.5 years
corner permanents (3rds) = 4.5 years
- all permanent teeth = 6 years
- Galvayne's groove at 10 years old
- 5 years = cup filled black
29
how do horses digest/eating habits
- hind gut
- high dietary fibre
- continuous grazing or small frequent feeds
30
what aspects influence a horses eating
- maintenence
- growth
- pregnancy
- performance
31
what do horses need to eat?
- carbohydrates -> main energy source, max 1% BWT/day
- protein -> preg and growth
- fats and oils -> weight gain, veg
- roughage -> MOST important, pasture, 2-2.5%BWT/day
- fed twice daily
32
when is feeding during pregnancy most important
- highest nut requirements last trimester and first 2 months of lactation
33
what should performance horses be fed
- energy/carbohydrates = 1%BWT/day
- 5kg grain/day for 500kg horse
- 12.5 kg ha/day 500kg horse
- 2.5%BWT fibre
34
what to feed foals
- creep feed from 2 months
35
what to feed weanlings
- 16% protein
- minerals Ca, P, Cu
36
what to feed yearlings
- more than weanlings
- overfeeding = problems
37
farriery procedures and timing
- shoes every 4-6 weeks
- grow 1cm/month
38
dentistry procedures
- teeth floating every 6 months
39
what percentage horses used for entertainment in Australia
70%
40
what are the welfare issues in horse industry
- punishment training techniques
- equipment causes pain
- extreme challenges (endurance)
- inadequate fitness
- too young to be ridden
-
41
what are some legal protections of horses
- prevention of creutly to animals act
- welfare act
- no commonwealth protection :(
- RSPCA policy
42
what official codes of welfare exist
- international equestrian body (FEI) has code of welfare
- racing bodies have codes
43
endurance racing lengths FEI
level 1 = 80-119km in one day
level 2 = 120-139km one day or 70-89km/day across 2 days
level 3 = 140-160km one day, 70-80/day 2 days
level 4 = 160km one day, 120-130 juniors
44
what is AERA and FEI
Australian endurance rider's association -> aus rules
Federation Equestre Internationale -> international rules
45
who can enter endurance races
- any horse breed
- 5 years+ for 80km, 6+ for 160km
- international = year old for each category
- can't do training ride until horse 4.5+
46
speed in endurance races
from 5km/hr to 35km/h
47
how often horses checked on in endurance
- 40km
- pre ride
- 30 mins after race
48
normal heart rate of horse, maximum
- 20-40bpm normal
- max = >200bpm
49
when do horses naturally breed
- August or September
50
when do horses experience puberty
females = 12-18m
males = 14m, mature by 2-4 years
51
how are mares prepped
- live-ins
-BCS
52
how is oestrus detected in horses
- teaser stallion
- winking and vaginal discharge
- foal heat occurs 9days after foaling
53
how often do mares cycle
every 21 days
54
how long are mares in heat and ovulation
- 4-7 days
- ovulation in last 24-48 hours of oestrus
55
how do vets check for oestrus
- swab uterus for infection
- rectal palpitation of uterus and ovaries (follicles)
- ultrasound for uterine fluid
- timing mating with oestrus
56
when are ultrasounds done on horses
- early pregnancy diagnosis (14d)
- foetal hear rate at 20d
- check for twins
- manual check at 45 days
*blood test for oestrone sulfate levels in serum (3m)
57
how often do stallions breed
- 60-8- mares a season
- twice a day
58
how are females impregnated
- paddock service (natural)
- hand-service -> mare teased, restrained, served, stallion handled whole time
- AI -> NEVER in TB industry
59
how long is horse gestation
340d (11m)
60
process of foaling in horses
1. observe mares -> foal watch and foal alarms
2. assist if necessary
3. ensure foal suckles in first 12 hours
61
how expensive are stud fees
$200-200000
62
stud farm routine summarised
1. mare comes into season
2. vet exams + swabs
3. mare bred
4. early preg check around 20days
5. caslicks if required
7. mare goes home or stays
8. mare foals
9. mare rebred
63
