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ANS101 > Horse Industry > Flashcards

Horse Industry Flashcards

1
Q

uses of horses

A
  • export
  • pet meat
  • employment
  • imports
  • recreation
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2
Q

how many horses in australia

A

1.5 million

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3
Q

what is:
- colt
- stallin
- gelding
- “by”

A

colt: entire male (<4)
stallion: entire male 4+
gelding: castrated/desexed male
“by”: a certain stallion, sire or father

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4
Q

what is:
- filly
- mare
- maiden
- broodmare
- dry mare
- wet mare
- “from”

A

filly: female <4
mare: female 4+
maiden: having first foal/never won a race
broodmare: breeding
dry: broodmare w/out foal
wet: broodmare with foal suckling
“from”: mother of

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5
Q

what is:
- foal
- weanling
- yearling

A

foal: either, up to 6months
weanling: foal no longer with mother (6months+)
yearling: 1 year old

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6
Q

TB birthday

A

1st August
spring

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7
Q

when a TB’s weaned, prepped and racing

A

6mo
- at 12mo, prepped for yearling sale
- race at 2y.o.

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8
Q

what percentage of TB foals actually race

A

30%

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9
Q

what does prepping a TB for race include

A
  • 3 months period
  • trial
  • race every 2-4 weeks for 3m first season
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10
Q

length of sprint, middle and distance races (TB)

A
  1. sprint = up to 1600m
  2. middle = 1600 - 2400m
  3. distance = 2600-3200m
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11
Q

classes of TB races

A
  1. maiden
  2. class 1-6
  3. open class
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12
Q

differences in SB racing

A
  • harness
  • driver not a jockey
  • trot or pace gait
  • cheaper
  • longer race careers
  • lower money
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13
Q

what are trotters

A
  • high speed trot with diagonally opposite F+B legs moving in same direction
  • no hobbles on legs
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14
Q

what are pacers

A
  • legs same side in same direction
  • race with hobbles
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15
Q

what is showjumping

A
  • varied obstacles/jumps in arena
  • least faults in shortest time
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16
Q

what is eventing

A
  • 3-days
  • day 1 = dressage (steps)
  • day 2 = cross-country
  • day 3 = show jumping
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17
Q

what is dressage

A
  • discipline
  • warmbloods/crosses
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18
Q

what is endurance racing

A
  • 40-160km
  • durability
  • arab horses
    defined: test ability to safely manage the stamina and fitness of the horse without compromising welfare of horse
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19
Q

what is polo and polocrosse

A
  • two teams of 4 riders score goals by hitting ball with mallet
  • polocrosse is same but lacrosse style
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20
Q

methods of IDing horses

A
  • hot brand, freeze brand, lip tattoo
  • written description
  • blood typing
  • DNA typing
  • microchips
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21
Q

what is included n the Australian stud book

A
  • Identification -> all TB foals DNA typed, microchipped and branded
  • identification cards -> ID card with breeding, marking, sex, brand and microchip
  • national brand register -> TB brands recognised on ASB website, registered brand
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22
Q

horse colours

A
  • Bay -> brow legs and mane
  • Chestnut -> full colour, white marking
  • Brown -> chocolate, mane and legs same, white markings
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23
Q

face markings and description

A
  1. blaze = thick line from forehead around muzzel
  2. star = white shape on forehead only
  3. snip = small mark on nose
  4. stripe = thin from forehead to nose
    *conjoined or interrupted
  5. white muzzle
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24
Q

Feet markings and descriptions

A

front foot:
- coronet (band)
- pastern (space between)
- Fetlock (1st bend)
- cannon (between)
- knee (2nd bend)
- forearm
back foot:
- heel
- coronet
- fetlock
- hind cannon
- hock (2nd bend)
- gaskin (above hock)
near and off for front/back of each foot

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25
Q

where are freeze brands on TB

A
  • off-side (right) shoulder = foal#/year born
  • near-side (left) shoulder = stud/owner’s brand
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26
Q

where are freeze brands on SB

A
  • alpha angle brand on RHS crest (under mane)
  • upper row = S + state + year of foaling
  • bottom row = serial # of foal
27
Q

states and numbers for TB

A

2 = NSW/ACT
3 ^ = VIC
4 = QLD
5 > = SA/NT
6 = WA
7 = TAS

28
Q

how to age horses by teeth

A

central permanent = 2.5 years
2nd/lateral permanents = 3.5 years
corner permanents (3rds) = 4.5 years
- all permanent teeth = 6 years
- Galvayne’s groove at 10 years old
- 5 years = cup filled black

29
Q

how do horses digest/eating habits

A
  • hind gut
  • high dietary fibre
  • continuous grazing or small frequent feeds
30
Q

what aspects influence a horses eating

A
  • maintenence
  • growth
  • pregnancy
  • performance
31
Q

what do horses need to eat?

A
  • carbohydrates -> main energy source, max 1% BWT/day
  • protein -> preg and growth
  • fats and oils -> weight gain, veg
  • roughage -> MOST important, pasture, 2-2.5%BWT/day
  • fed twice daily
32
Q

when is feeding during pregnancy most important

A
  • highest nut requirements last trimester and first 2 months of lactation
33
Q

what should performance horses be fed

A
  • energy/carbohydrates = 1%BWT/day
  • 5kg grain/day for 500kg horse
  • 12.5 kg ha/day 500kg horse
  • 2.5%BWT fibre
34
Q

what to feed foals

A
  • creep feed from 2 months
35
Q

what to feed weanlings

A
  • 16% protein
  • minerals Ca, P, Cu
36
Q

what to feed yearlings

A
  • more than weanlings
  • overfeeding = problems
37
Q

farriery procedures and timing

A
  • shoes every 4-6 weeks
  • grow 1cm/month
38
Q

dentistry procedures

A
  • teeth floating every 6 months
39
Q

what percentage horses used for entertainment in Australia

A

70%

40
Q

what are the welfare issues in horse industry

A
  • punishment training techniques
  • equipment causes pain
  • extreme challenges (endurance)
  • inadequate fitness
  • ## too young to be ridden
41
Q

what are some legal protections of horses

A
  • prevention of creutly to animals act
  • welfare act
  • no commonwealth protection :(
  • RSPCA policy
42
Q

what official codes of welfare exist

A
  • international equestrian body (FEI) has code of welfare
  • racing bodies have codes
43
Q

endurance racing lengths FEI

A

level 1 = 80-119km in one day
level 2 = 120-139km one day or 70-89km/day across 2 days
level 3 = 140-160km one day, 70-80/day 2 days
level 4 = 160km one day, 120-130 juniors

44
Q

what is AERA and FEI

A

Australian endurance rider’s association -> aus rules
Federation Equestre Internationale -> international rules

45
Q

who can enter endurance races

A
  • any horse breed
  • 5 years+ for 80km, 6+ for 160km
  • international = year old for each category
  • can’t do training ride until horse 4.5+
46
Q

speed in endurance races

A

from 5km/hr to 35km/h

47
Q

how often horses checked on in endurance

A
  • 40km
  • pre ride
  • 30 mins after race
48
Q

normal heart rate of horse, maximum

A
  • 20-40bpm normal
  • max = >200bpm
49
Q

when do horses naturally breed

A
  • August or September
50
Q

when do horses experience puberty

A

females = 12-18m
males = 14m, mature by 2-4 years

51
Q

how are mares prepped

A
  • live-ins
    -BCS
52
Q

how is oestrus detected in horses

A
  • teaser stallion
  • winking and vaginal discharge
  • foal heat occurs 9days after foaling
53
Q

how often do mares cycle

A

every 21 days

54
Q

how long are mares in heat and ovulation

A
  • 4-7 days
  • ovulation in last 24-48 hours of oestrus
55
Q

how do vets check for oestrus

A
  • swab uterus for infection
  • rectal palpitation of uterus and ovaries (follicles)
  • ultrasound for uterine fluid
  • timing mating with oestrus
56
Q

when are ultrasounds done on horses

A
  • early pregnancy diagnosis (14d)
  • foetal hear rate at 20d
  • check for twins
  • manual check at 45 days
    *blood test for oestrone sulfate levels in serum (3m)
57
Q

how often do stallions breed

A
  • 60-8- mares a season
  • twice a day
58
Q

how are females impregnated

A
  • paddock service (natural)
  • hand-service -> mare teased, restrained, served, stallion handled whole time
  • AI -> NEVER in TB industry
59
Q

how long is horse gestation

A

340d (11m)

60
Q

process of foaling in horses

A
  1. observe mares -> foal watch and foal alarms
  2. assist if necessary
  3. ensure foal suckles in first 12 hours
61
Q

how expensive are stud fees

A

$200-200000

62
Q

stud farm routine summarised

A
  1. mare comes into season
  2. vet exams + swabs
  3. mare bred
  4. early preg check around 20days
  5. caslicks if required
  6. mare goes home or stays
  7. mare foals
  8. mare rebred
63
Q
A

ANS101 (17 decks)

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