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ANS101 > Dairy industry > Flashcards

Dairy industry Flashcards

1
Q

cycle of production for dairy cow

A

First lactation:
- breeding
- heifer rearing
- calving
- lactation (always lower first time), colostrum, calf rearing
- breeding
- production declines
- drying off

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2
Q

wha is colostrum

A
  • it is the first milk produced and it is always the most nutrient rich
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3
Q

phases of lactation

A
  1. far away dry cow (60 -21 days away from calving)
  2. close up dry cow (within 21 days of calving)
  3. fresh cow (21 days after calving or before)
  4. peak milk and mating (21-90 days post calving)
  5. mid lactation (110-200 post)
  6. late lactation (200-305 post)
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4
Q

when are cows fist mated

A

13-14 months old (heifer)

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5
Q

what age do cows have fist calf

A

2 years old (primiparous cows)

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6
Q

what age do cows have second calf

A

3 years (multiparous cows)

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7
Q

energy requirements during
1) early lactation
2) mid
3) late
4) dry period

A

1) she cannot eat enough to sustain milk production energy, uses body reserves, highest eenergy needed
2) lower BCS, less nutriton needed
3) body reserves regained (less nutrition)

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8
Q

feds for dairy cows

A

1) pasture -> cheap, good when young (protein and energy), high fibre
2) conserved fodder -> surplus crops conserved as silage, cheap, lower quality
3) concentrates -> grains, energy, low protein, expensive

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9
Q

feeding systems for dairy cows

A

1) grazing pasture in situ
2) bail feeding grain (concentrate whilst milking) in dairy
3) feeding PMR in paddock
4) feeding PMR/TMR on feed pad

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10
Q

common feeding system in WA

A
  • Partial mixed ration
  • moderate pasture, moderate grain feed, partial mixed ration
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11
Q

what drives the choice of feeding system?

A
  • rainfall
  • market access
  • seasonal calvers/milkers
  • profitability of diet
  • temperature
  • irrigation
  • ability to grow pasture
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12
Q

NZ dairy system

A
  • export focused (kg)
  • seasonal milking
  • long temperate growing season
  • high rainfall
  • pasture dominant (82%)
  • 4,300 L/cow
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13
Q

Australian dairy systeem

A
  • mixed domestic and export market (L or Kg)
  • seasonal or year round milking
  • wide range of climate
  • pasture main feed (80%)
  • 6, 380 L/cow
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14
Q

what was the global production of cow milk 2019?

A

680 billion
- aus and NZ contributed 4%

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15
Q

How is the australian herd changing

A
  • size of herd is growing
  • number of farms declining
  • 8.4 billion L milk 2023
  • 65% of milk production from victoria
  • 80% feed sourced from pasture
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16
Q

advantages vs disadvantages of pasture

A

ad:
- low cost/L of milk
- distances from other cattle
- healthy cows
dis:
- higher world market prices
- weather changes
- heavy workload
- too much land use
- long distance from markets

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17
Q

changes to dairy industry in Australia

A
  • less grass per cow
  • increased concentrates used
  • increased maintenance and labour costs
  • lost competitiveness
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18
Q

current size of aus herd and number of farms

A
  • 110 dairy farms
  • 50 000 cows
  • avg 440 per farm
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19
Q

rotaton n grazing due to weather

A
  • highest FOO in autumn and spring
  • rotational grazing from May to November
  • excess pasture conserved in spring
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20
Q

why is WA milk high quality

A
  • sandy soils -> udders easy to clean
  • bacteria ID process
  • low bacteria enables sea transport w/out refrigeration
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21
Q

3 main methods of milk sheds

A
  1. herringbone
  2. rotary
  3. robotic
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22
Q

what is heerringbone dairy shed method?

A
  • 2 peopl
  • rectangular, two sides
  • as cows broought in one side, immediate cupping
  • second row, move cups from 1st cows across to second
  • as one person uncups and cups, second will spray teats
  • once first have moved ou, bring in anoother set and change cups ono them whilst other sprays the other groups
23
Q

what is rotary dairy shed sysem

A
  • circular pen
  • set maximum milking time
  • on rotary, cows milked and spun around, then exit
  • automated milking cups
  • cows not done milking at end will go around again until done (don’t milk all the way round)
24
Q

what is robotic milk shed system

A
  • cows funneled by automatic gates
  • automatic milking via robot -> cleaning and cups fully robotic
  • cows fed at same time
25
Q

life cycle of dairy cow steps

A
  1. mating
  2. prep for calving
  3. calving
  4. peak lactation
  5. dry off
26
Q

what occurs during prep for calving

A
  • select bulls w? easy calving
  • vaccines
  • BCS to a 5
  • growing
27
Q

where are calves kept in rearing?

A
  • indoor shed
  • clean, absorbent bedding
  • affluent away from calves (infections)
  • disinfect boots
28
Q

what is colostrum feeding

A
  • during calf rearing
  • harvest colostrum ASAP after calving
  • test w/ reflectometer
  • feed calves ASAP
  • don’t pool colostrum from multiple cows
29
Q

castration process

A
  • rubber ring
  • <2 weeks of age
30
Q

dehorning process

A
  • 2-3 months = disbudding
  • > 12 months illegal in WA
31
Q

how are cows ID’d

A
  • national livestock ID system tag on all calves for sale
  • record birthing difficulties, date, sex, dam ID
32
Q

methods to protect calves

A
  • scour treatment with electrolytes not antibiotics
  • separate calves ASAP
  • vaccines
33
Q

when to start calves on concentrates

A
  • start gradual into from birth
  • high quality fibre from 3 weeks old
34
Q

how long is cow gestation length

A
  • 283 days/9 months
35
Q

how to avoid dystocia

A
  • target weights before birth
  • bulls with calving ease
  • sexed semen
  • jersey sire
  • oestrus synchronisation
36
Q

process/stages of oestrus

A
  1. follicular phase = 2-3 days
  2. luteal phase = 18 days
  3. short oestrus = 6-18 hours
  4. ovulation 12 hrs after oestrus ends
37
Q

signs oof oestrus

A
  1. sexually active groups -> riding, muddy flanks, rubbed tail/head
  2. mucous from vulva
  3. cows off feed
38
Q

oestrus detection aids

A
  1. tail paints or stick on patches -> riding
  2. pedometers (activity data)
39
Q

why use oestrus synchroonisation?

A
  • compact calving period
  • AI performed when some cows not showing signs and still success -> stimulates ovulation
40
Q

artificial insemination pros and cons

A

pros:
- global sperm pool
- certainty of pedigree
-no STD’s
- sexed sperm = females
cons:
- expensive
- accurate oestrus detection and timing
- skills needed
- lower conception rates

41
Q

timings for insemination

A
  • afternoon oestrus detection = morning insemination
  • morning detection = afternoon insemination
42
Q

when should inseminator be changed?

A
  • <49% seasonal/batch calving herd take
  • <43% year round calving herds take
  • <55% in well grown heifers
43
Q

use of bulls pros and cons

A
  • mass mating herds
  • expensive
  • dangerous
44
Q

production, type and fitness trait heritability compared

A

production = high to moderate heritability
type = mod to high
health = low

45
Q

what are ausralia’s two breeding indicies

A
  1. balanced performance index (BPI) -> economic index, production, type and health traits according to finicial value
  2. health weighted index (HWI) -> seasonal calving system, fertility, mastitis resistance and feed saved considered
46
Q

why is pregancy testing used

A
  • discover pregnancy in non-cycling cows
  • ID sires, predict calving date
  • target dry cows
  • low fertility cows for culling
47
Q

how is pregnancy tested

A
  • palpation
  • ultrasound
  • hormone detection in milk
48
Q

what is BCS

A
  • vusual indicator of cow fatness from emaciated to obese
  • 5, 8 and 10 pooint scales
  • dairy cows in aus use 8 point
49
Q

what are the 3 observations of BCS

A
  1. shape oof tail and pin bone area
  2. prominence of backbone
  3. hip to pin shape
50
Q

what BCS do cows calve at and why?

A

-5
- below 4.5 = less fertile, partition energy into weight gan, not milk
- above 5.5 = calving problems due to big calves, depressed apetite during post partum

51
Q

what is most important aspect of food for dairy cows

A
  • metabolizable energy (ME)
  • Ca, P and Mg levels
52
Q

what is transition cow feeding

A

3 weeks bfore and after calving:
- ketosis is possible
- limit early lactation weight loss to 1BCS
- adapt cows to high concentrate diet slowly -> could cause lactic acidosis
- hypocalcaemia = improve Ca mobilisation + supplement

53
Q

early lactation feeding

A
  • max feed intake is 12-14 weeks post-partum
  • high quality pasture
  • maximise concentrate intake

ANS101 (17 decks)

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