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Anatomy 101 - Ivy Tech > Hormones and Stuff > Flashcards

Hormones and Stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

Produced in Hypothalamus
Targets uterus, myoepithelial cells of breast
Function - Produces contractions, milk ejection, sexual arousal, and cuddle hormone

A

Oxytocin

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2
Q

Produced in Hypothalamus
Target - Kidney Tubules (cAMP)
Function: Maintain Water Balance

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

Produced in somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
Many Targets
Functions 1. Direct action on metabolism
2. Indirect action on growth
Regulated by Growth Hormone Releasing hormone and Growth Hormone inhibiting hormone

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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4
Q

Produced by thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary gland
targets - thyroid
function - stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid
Regulation - Hormonal
– Release : thyrotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
– Inhibition: high blood levels of thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)

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5
Q

Secreted by: corticotrophic cells of anterior pituitary
Target: adrenal cortex
Function: Stimulate adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones
Regulation: Hormonal
– Daily cycle
– Release: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
– Inhibition: glucocorticoids
– fever, hypoglycemia, & stressors can alter CRH release

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)

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6
Q 
• Secreted by: Gonadotrophs
• Target: Gonads
• Function: sperm and egg production
• Regulation: Hormonal
– Release: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
– Inhibition: Gonadal hormones
– Absent from the blood prior to puberty
A

Gonadotropin: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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7
Q 
• Secreted by: Gonadotrophs
• Target: Gonads
• Function:
– Both: production of gonadal hormones
– Females: egg maturation, ovulation
• Regulation: Hormonal
– Release: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
– Inhibition: Gonadal hormones
– Absent from the blood prior to puberty
A

Gonadotropin: Luteinizing Hormone

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8
Q

• Secreted by: prolactin cells of anterior pituitary (lactotrophs)
• Function: Stimulates milk production - Role in males not well understood
• Regulation:
– Inhibition: prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) aka dopamine
– Release:
• Decreased PIH
• Prolactin Releasing Factors
• Estrogen
– Blood levels rise toward end of pregnancy
– Suckling stimulates PRL release and promotes continued milk production

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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9
Q

Function: Major metabolic hormone
•Increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect)
•Regulation of tissue growth and development
–Development of skeletal and nervous systems
–Reproductive capabilities
•Maintenance of blood pressure
– Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
•Thyroid gland stores hormone extracellularly
•Thyroglobin from follicular cells exocytosed into lumen
•Iodine transported from blood to lumen combines with thyroglobin form T3 and T4
•T3 and T4 endocytosed by cells and diffuse into blood
–Regulation: Hormonal
•Release: TSH
•Inhibition: Inhibit TSH release
–TH (Negative feedback)
–Dopamine
–GHIH
Glucocorticoids
•Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) can overcome negative feedback during pregnancy or exposure to cold

A

Thyroid Hormone

TH

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10
Q

Produced by parafollicular (C) cells
–No known physiological role in humans
–Antagonist toparathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Calcitonin

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11
Q 
Functions: Ca2+homeostasis
–Targets with specific functions:
•
Osteoclasts:–digest bone matrix
–Send Ca2+& PO4 to blood
•Kidneys:
–Reabsorbtion of Ca2+
–Activate vitamin D to increase Ca2+ absorption in small intestine
–Regulation: Humoral
•
Release: Falling Ca2+in blood
•
Inhibition: Rising Ca2+in blood (negative feedback)
A

Parathyroid Hormone

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12
Q

Produced in Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Target: Kidney Tubules
Function: Regulate electrolytes in ECF

A

Mineralocorticoids

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13
Q

Target: Body Cells
– Functions:
• Keep blood glucose levels relatively constant
• Prime metabolic effect is gluconeogenesis—formation of glucose from fats and proteins
– Promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
• “Saves” glucose for brain
• Enhances vasoconstriction  rise in blood pressure to quickly distribute nutrients to cells
– Glucocorticoids
– Regulation: Hormonal –
• Release - CRH -> ACTH
• Inhibition - Cortisol prevent CRH (negative feedback)
• Normal Rhythm with morning peak and evening slump
• Released in response to patterns of eating, activity, and stress

A

Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) A Glucocortocoid

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14
Q 
– Low production
– Weak Androgens (male sex hormones) secreted converted to
• Testosterone in tissue cells (most)
• Estrogen (some)
– Function:
• Puberty onset – hair
• Appearance of secondary sex characteristics
• Sex drive (adult women)
• Estrogens in postmenopausal women
– Regulation: Hormonal - Release: ACTH
A

Gonadalcorticoids

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15
Q 
Medullary chromaffin cells synthesize epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
• Function: Fight of Flight
– Vasoconstriction (NE)
– Increased heart rate (Both)
– Increased blood glucose levels (E)
– Blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle (E)
– Bronchial Dilation (E)
• Regulation: Neural
A

Epinephrine/NOrepinephrine

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16
Q 
– Target: Liver
– Function: Raise Blood Glucose
• Glucagenolysis = breakdown glycogen to glucose
• Gluconeogenesis = Synthesize glucose from lactic acid and noncarbs
• Release of glucose to blood
– Regulation: Mostly Humoral
• Release: Low blood glucose
– Also SNS & rising AA levels
• Inhibition: High blood glucose
– Also insulin and somatostatin
A

Glucagon

17
Q

– Target: Body Cells
– Functions:
• Lower blood glucose
– Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
– Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
– Aids in glucose conversion to glycogen or Fat
– Catalyze oxidation of glucose for ATP
• Protein synthesis
• Neuronal development and learning and memory
– Regulation: Mostly Humoral
• Release:
– Elevated blood glucose levels – primary stimulus
– Rising blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids
– Release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic nerve fibers
• Inhibition: Somatostatin; sympathetic nervous system

A

Insulin

18
Q
  • Matuation of reproductive organs
  • Secondary sex characteristics
  • Works with progesterone
A

Estrogen

19
Q
  • Maturation of reproductive systems
  • Secondary sex characteristics
  • Sex Drive
  • Sperm Production
A

Testosterone

20
Q
  • Breast development

* Regulates menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone

21
Q
  • Regulates spermeogenesis
  • Inhibits GnRH and FSH
  • Regulation: - responds to sperm count
A

Inhibin

22
Q

Pineal Gland - derived from seratonin
– Function: Biological clock and Preventing premature sexual development
– Regulation: Neural
• Daily cycle
• Release - recieves input from visual pathways

A

Melatonin

23
Q

Adipose tissue Hormone

appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure

A

Leptin

24
Q

Adipose Tissue Hormone

insulin antagonist

A

Resistin

25
Q

Adipose Tissue Hormone

enhances sensitivity to insulin

A

Adiponectin

26
Q

Placenta Hormone
• Maintains corpus luteum
• Immune tolerance during pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HGC)

27
Q

Placenta Hormone
• prevent ovulation
• growth of milk glands

A

Progesterone (Placenta)

28
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tract

stimulates stomach to release HCl

A

Gastrin

29
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tract

stimulates liver and pancreas to release bicarbonate rich juice

A

Secretin

30
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tract
• Stimulates pancreas to release enzyme rich juice
• Stimulates gallbladder to release bile
• Causes hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax allowing bile & pancreatic juice to enter duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin

31
Q

Low blood Na+ concentration, therefore BP & blood volume

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

32
Q

Kidney - signals production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin

33
Q

Kidney - initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

Renin

34
Q
  • May be involved in normal development of T lymphocytes in immune response
  • Classified as hormones; act as paracrines
A

Thymulin, thymopoietins, and thymosins

Anatomy 101 - Ivy Tech (13 decks)

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