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Applied physiology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where are hormones secreted?

A

from endocrine glands

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2
Q

How is plasma glucose during exercise maintained?

A
  1. mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores
  2. mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue
  3. glucogenesis from AA, lactic acid and glycerol
  4. blocking entry of glucose into cells
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3
Q

Permissive/slow acting hormones

A

exert full effect

thyroxine
cortisol
growth hormone

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4
Q

Fast-acting hormones

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
insulin
glucagon

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5
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

influences the number of receptors on the surface of a cell for other hormones to interact with

affinity of receptor for hormone

no change during exercise

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6
Q

T3

A

enhances effect of epinephrine to mobilize free fatty acids from adipose tissue

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7
Q

Growth hormone

A

essential for growth of all tissues

  1. increase AA uptake and protein synthesis
  2. reduces use of plasma glucose
  3. increases gluconeogenesis
  4. mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue
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8
Q

Changes in GH during exercise

A

Net effect of GH is to preserve plasma glucose concentrations

Increases gluconeogenesis in liver

Blocks glucose entry to adipose cell tofavourfatmobliization

Increase in plasma GH with increasing intensity

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9
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid hormone derived from cholestrol
secreated from adrenal cortex

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10
Q

Cortisol stimulated by

A

stress via ACTH
exercise

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11
Q

When does cortisol peak?

A

AM

drops throughout the day

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12
Q

Cortisol pattern

A

increase proportional to increase exercise intensity

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13
Q

What is the direct effect of cortisol mediated through?

A

slow process of DNA transcription and translation to protein synthesis

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14
Q

What are changes in cortisol related to?

A

repair of exercise-induced tissue damage rather tham mobilization of fuel

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15
Q

Hormonal response to exercise

A

mobilize fat and CHO
preserve glucose

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16
Q

What hormones are elevated with exercise?

A

GH
glucagon
cortisol
(nor)epinepherine

=favour mobilization FFA

not insulin

17
Q

During heavy exercise

A

FFA oxidation decreases despite hormonal stimulation

increase glucose use

18
Q

Decrease in FFA oxidation due to

A

high levels of lactic acid
elevated H+ conc inhibit HSL
inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
insufficient albium to transport FFA in plasma

19
Q

Impact of endurance training

A

decrease lactate conc at any fixed work rate = reduce inhibition to FFA mobilization

= use more fat as a fuel, spare limited CHO stores = improve performance

20
Q

Where is catecholamine secreated from?

A

adrenal medulla

21
Q

Epinephrine/nor

A

bind to adrenergic response (alpha and beta cells)
fight or flight

22
Q

Effects of epinephrine/nor

A

increase glycogenolysis
increase lipolysis

23
Q

Plasma E and NE during exercise

A

fast-acting hormone

increase HR and BP (sympathetic activation)

24
Q

Catecholamine response to exercise

A

trained individuals = greater capacity to increase C

endurance training = rapid decrease to fixed intensity exercise bout

25
Q

Glycogen depletion during exercise

A

high-intensity = greater/rapid depletion

26
Q

Plasma epinephrine

A

powerful simulator of glycogenolysis (via B receptor)
greater increase during high intensity exercise

27
Q

Why is there no difference in glycogen depletion plasma E?

A

Ca++ released (from sarcoplasmic reticulum with muscle contraction)

Ca++ ions bind to Calmodulin = activates protein kinase

phosphorylase –> glucose –> glycolysis

28
Q

Exocrine

A

secreted via ducts

29
Q

Endocrine

A

secreted directly into bloodstream

30
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes counter-regulatory hormones from islts of Langerhans

31
Q

Insulin

A

from B cells
promotes storage of glucose, AA and fats
drives uptake and storage of substrate to lower their levels in plasma

32
Q

Glucagon

A

from A cells
promotes the mobilization of fatty acids and glucose
stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver

33
Q

Ratio of glucagon to insulin

A

control over mobilization of glucose and FFA

34
Q

Changes in insulin during exercise

A

conc drop by ~50%
favour mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue

35
Q

Changes in glucagon during exercise

A

endurance training programme = glucagon diminished = no increase during exercise

36
Q

Effect of catecholamine on insulin and glucagon

A

when glucose constant = SNS can modify hormone secretion
endurance training decrease SNS response to a fixed exercise bout

37
Q

Hormone-substrate interaction due to

A

high levels lactic acid
elevated H+ conc inhibits HSL
inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue
insufficient albium to trasport FFA in plasma

= decrease FFA
increase glucose use

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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