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Applied physiology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Functions CNS

A

control of internal environment
voluntary control of movement
spinal cord reflexes

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2
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

neurons outside the CNS

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4
Q

Sensory division

A

detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to CNS

somatic sensory
visceral sensory

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5
Q

Motor divison

A

initiates and transmitts info from CNS to effectors

somatic motor
autonomic motor

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6
Q

Somatic sensory

A

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors
e.g., eyes, ears and skin

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7
Q

Visceral sensory

A

sensory input that is not consciously perceived from the receptors of blood vessels and internal organs

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8
Q

Somatic motor

A

motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled
effector is skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Autonomic motor

A

motor output that is not consciously or is involunatry controlled
effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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10
Q

Axon

A

carries electrical message (action potential) away from cell body
covered by Schwann cells

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11
Q

Schwann cells

A

forms myelin sheath

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12
Q

Synapse

A

contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron

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13
Q

Greater speed of neural tranmission

A

increase diameter of axon
increase myelin sheath

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14
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

negative charge inside cells at rest (polarized)

-5 to -100mv
-40 to -75mv in neurons

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15
Q

Magnitude of resting membrane potential determined by:

A
  1. permeability of plasma membrane to ions
  2. difference in ion conc across membrane
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16
Q

What regulates ion passage across cell membrane?

A

channels

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17
Q

Exchange of sodium and potassium across cell membrane

A

maintained by sodium-potassium pump

2K+ in
3Na+ out

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18
Q

Action potential

A

occurs when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the cell

open Na+ channel and Na+ diffuses out
=inside becomes more positive

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19
Q

Repolarization

A

return to resting membrane potential

K+ leaves the cell rapidly
Na+ channels close

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20
Q

All or none law

A

once a nerve impulse is initiated it will travel the length of the neuron

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane

binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
causes depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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22
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

promote neural depolarization

temporal summation
spatial summation

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23
Q

Temporal summation

A

rapid, repetitive excitation from a single excitatory presynaptic neuron

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24
Q

Spatial summation

A

summing EPSPs from several different presynaptic neurons

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25
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

causes hyperpolarization (more negative resting membrane potential)
neurons with more negative membrane potential resist depolarization

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26
Q

EPSP > IPSP

A

neuron moves towards threshold

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27
Q

Joint proprioceptors

A
  1. free nerve endings (touch, pressure)
  2. golgi type receptors (found in joint ligaments)
  3. pacinian corpuacles (tissues around joints/skin)
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28
Q

Muscle proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organs

29
Q

Proprioceptors

A

sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give info about the position of the limb in space

30
Q

Muscle spindles

A

respond to changes in muscle length

31
Q

Muscle spindles consist of

A

Intrafusal fibres - run parallel to normal muscle fibres
Gamma motor neurons - stimulate intrafusal fibres to contract with extrafusal fibres (by alpha motor neuron)

32
Q

Stretch reflex

A

stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction
knee-jerk reflex

33
Q

Muscle spindle structure

A
  1. detect stretch of muscle
  2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to spinal cord
  3. sensory neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons
  4. stimulation of the alpha motor neuron causes the muscle to contract and resist being stretched
34
Q

Muscle spindles function

A

assist in the regulation of movement M
maintain posture

35
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

monitors force development in muscle
prevent damage during excessive force generation
stimulation results in reflex relaxation of muscle

36
Q

Ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition related to

A

gains in strength with training due to increased tendon stiffness

37
Q

Golgi tendon organ structure

A
  1. golgi tendon organs detect tension applied to a tendon
  2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord
  3. sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons
  4. inhibition of the alpha motor neuron causes muscle relaxation, relieving the tension applied to the tendon
38
Q

Muscle chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to change in chemical environment surrounding a muscle - H+, CO2 and K+
inform CNS about metabolic rate of muscular activity - regulate cadiovascular/pulmonary responses

39
Q

Structure motor unit

A

motor neurons located within spinal cord
responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles

40
Q

Motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscels fibres it inneravtes

41
Q

Innervation ratio

A

low ratio in muscle involved in fine motor control
high ratio in muscle not require fine motor control

42
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

recruitment of additional muscle fibres by activating more motor units

43
Q

Size principle

A

smallest motor units recruited first during exercise
sequential recruitment of motor units during exercise

44
Q

Type I

A

slow-twtich
smallest

45
Q

Type IIa

A

intermediate
fast-twitch
fatigue resistant

46
Q

Type IIx

A

largest
fast-twitch
fatiguable

47
Q

Recruitment pattern during incremental exercise

A

Type I –> Type IIa –> Type IIx

48
Q

Cerebrum/cerebral cortex function

A
  1. organization of complex movement
  2. storage of learned expereince
  3. reception of sensory information
49
Q

Cerebellum

A

implicated in control of movement and integration of sensory information

50
Q

Brainstem

A

role in cardiorespiratory function, locomotion, muscle tone, posture, receieving info from special senses

51
Q

Midbrain

A

mesencephalon
connects the pons and cerebral hemispheres

52
Q

Functions midbrain

A

control responses to sight
eye movement
pupil dilation
body movement
hearing

53
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

involved in control of autonomic function
relaying signals between the brain and spinal cord
coordination of body movements

54
Q

Pons

A

involved in sleep and the control of autonomic function
relays sensory info between the cerebrum and cerebellum

55
Q

Spinal cord

A

45cm long
encased and protected by bony vertebral column
attaches to brainstem

major conduit for 2-way transmission of info from skin, joints and muscle to brain

56
Q

Spinal cord neurons

A

motor neuron
sensory neuron
interneuron

57
Q

Spinal tuning

A

intrinsic neural networks within spinal cord that refine voluntary movement after receiving messages from higher brain centres

58
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

occurs via a reflex arc
reflex contraction of skeletal muscles can occur in response to sensory input and is not dependent on the activation of higher brain centres

59
Q

Control of voluntary movement

A

involves cooperation of many areas of brain along with subcortical areas
motor cortex receives inputs from variety of brain areas including basal nuclei, cerebellum, thalamus
spinal mechanisms - refinement of motor control
feedback from proprioceptors allows for further modofication in motor control

60
Q

Withdrawal reflex process

A
  1. sensory neurons from pain receptors conduct action potentials to the spinal cord
  2. sensory neuron synapse with excitatory interneurons
  3. excitatory interneurons stimulate alpha motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles = withdrwal
  4. collateral branches of sensory neurons synapse excitatory interneurons that cross opposite side of spinal cord
  5. excitatory interneurons that cross the spinal cord stimulate alpha motor neurons in opposite limb = contract to support body weight
61
Q

Structure voluntary movement

A

subcortical and cortical areas
association cortex
basal neclei
cerebellum
thalamus
motor cortex
motor units

62
Q

Process leading to voluntary movement

A

initial drive to move
movement design ‘rough draft’
refined movement design
relay station
final executor of motor plan
execution of desired movement

63
Q

Resting membrane potential why?

A

K+ intracellular (membrane more permeable) = diffuse out more
Na+ extracellular
= negative resting membrane potential

64
Q

Grey matter

A

neurons

65
Q

White matter

A

nerve axons

66
Q

When is an action potential generated?

A

when an excitatory stimulus opens sodium channels

67
Q

Movement plan

A

developed by motor cortex
sent to spinal centres for modification

68
Q

Excitatory transmitters

A

neurotransmittrs that cause depolarization of membranes

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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