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Applied physiology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Functions CNS

A

control of internal environment
voluntary control of movement
spinal cord reflexes

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2
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

neurons outside the CNS

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4
Q

Sensory division

A

detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to CNS

somatic sensory
visceral sensory

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5
Q

Motor divison

A

initiates and transmitts info from CNS to effectors

somatic motor
autonomic motor

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6
Q

Somatic sensory

A

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors
e.g., eyes, ears and skin

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7
Q

Visceral sensory

A

sensory input that is not consciously perceived from the receptors of blood vessels and internal organs

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8
Q

Somatic motor

A

motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled
effector is skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Autonomic motor

A

motor output that is not consciously or is involunatry controlled
effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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10
Q

Axon

A

carries electrical message (action potential) away from cell body
covered by Schwann cells

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11
Q

Schwann cells

A

forms myelin sheath

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12
Q

Synapse

A

contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron

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13
Q

Greater speed of neural tranmission

A

increase diameter of axon
increase myelin sheath

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14
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

negative charge inside cells at rest (polarized)

-5 to -100mv
-40 to -75mv in neurons

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15
Q

Magnitude of resting membrane potential determined by:

A
  1. permeability of plasma membrane to ions
  2. difference in ion conc across membrane
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16
Q

What regulates ion passage across cell membrane?

A

channels

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17
Q

Exchange of sodium and potassium across cell membrane

A

maintained by sodium-potassium pump

2K+ in
3Na+ out

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18
Q

Action potential

A

occurs when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the cell

open Na+ channel and Na+ diffuses out
=inside becomes more positive

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19
Q

Repolarization

A

return to resting membrane potential

K+ leaves the cell rapidly
Na+ channels close

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20
Q

All or none law

A

once a nerve impulse is initiated it will travel the length of the neuron

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane

binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
causes depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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22
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

promote neural depolarization

temporal summation
spatial summation

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23
Q

Temporal summation

A

rapid, repetitive excitation from a single excitatory presynaptic neuron

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24
Q

Spatial summation

A

summing EPSPs from several different presynaptic neurons

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25
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
causes hyperpolarization (more negative resting membrane potential) neurons with more negative membrane potential resist depolarization
26
EPSP > IPSP
neuron moves towards threshold
27
Joint proprioceptors
1. free nerve endings (touch, pressure) 2. golgi type receptors (found in joint ligaments) 3. pacinian corpuacles (tissues around joints/skin)
28
Muscle proprioceptors
muscle spindles golgi tendon organs
29
Proprioceptors
sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension, which is integrated to give info about the position of the limb in space
30
Muscle spindles
respond to changes in muscle length
31
Muscle spindles consist of
Intrafusal fibres - run parallel to normal muscle fibres Gamma motor neurons - stimulate intrafusal fibres to contract with extrafusal fibres (by alpha motor neuron)
32
Stretch reflex
stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction knee-jerk reflex
33
Muscle spindle structure
1. detect stretch of muscle 2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to spinal cord 3. sensory neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons 4. stimulation of the alpha motor neuron causes the muscle to contract and resist being stretched
34
Muscle spindles function
assist in the regulation of movement M maintain posture
35
Golgi tendon organs
monitors force development in muscle prevent damage during excessive force generation stimulation results in reflex relaxation of muscle
36
Ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition related to
gains in strength with training due to increased tendon stiffness
37
Golgi tendon organ structure
1. golgi tendon organs detect tension applied to a tendon 2. sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 3. sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons 4. inhibition of the alpha motor neuron causes muscle relaxation, relieving the tension applied to the tendon
38
Muscle chemoreceptors
sensitive to change in chemical environment surrounding a muscle - H+, CO2 and K+ inform CNS about metabolic rate of muscular activity - regulate cadiovascular/pulmonary responses
39
Structure motor unit
motor neurons located within spinal cord responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles
40
Motor unit
motor neuron and all the muscels fibres it inneravtes
41
Innervation ratio
low ratio in muscle involved in fine motor control high ratio in muscle not require fine motor control
42
Motor unit recruitment
recruitment of additional muscle fibres by activating more motor units
43
Size principle
smallest motor units recruited first during exercise sequential recruitment of motor units during exercise
44
Type I
slow-twtich smallest
45
Type IIa
intermediate fast-twitch fatigue resistant
46
Type IIx
largest fast-twitch fatiguable
47
Recruitment pattern during incremental exercise
Type I --> Type IIa --> Type IIx
48
Cerebrum/cerebral cortex function
1. organization of complex movement 2. storage of learned expereince 3. reception of sensory information
49
Cerebellum
implicated in control of movement and integration of sensory information
50
Brainstem
role in cardiorespiratory function, locomotion, muscle tone, posture, receieving info from special senses
51
Midbrain
mesencephalon connects the pons and cerebral hemispheres
52
Functions midbrain
control responses to sight eye movement pupil dilation body movement hearing
53
Medulla oblongata
involved in control of autonomic function relaying signals between the brain and spinal cord coordination of body movements
54
Pons
involved in sleep and the control of autonomic function relays sensory info between the cerebrum and cerebellum
55
Spinal cord
45cm long encased and protected by bony vertebral column attaches to brainstem major conduit for 2-way transmission of info from skin, joints and muscle to brain
56
Spinal cord neurons
motor neuron sensory neuron interneuron
57
Spinal tuning
intrinsic neural networks within spinal cord that refine voluntary movement after receiving messages from higher brain centres
58
Withdrawal reflex
occurs via a reflex arc reflex contraction of skeletal muscles can occur in response to sensory input and is not dependent on the activation of higher brain centres
59
Control of voluntary movement
involves cooperation of many areas of brain along with subcortical areas motor cortex receives inputs from variety of brain areas including basal nuclei, cerebellum, thalamus spinal mechanisms - refinement of motor control feedback from proprioceptors allows for further modofication in motor control
60
Withdrawal reflex process
1. sensory neurons from pain receptors conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 2. sensory neuron synapse with excitatory interneurons 3. excitatory interneurons stimulate alpha motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles = withdrwal 4. collateral branches of sensory neurons synapse excitatory interneurons that cross opposite side of spinal cord 5. excitatory interneurons that cross the spinal cord stimulate alpha motor neurons in opposite limb = contract to support body weight
61
Structure voluntary movement
subcortical and cortical areas association cortex basal neclei cerebellum thalamus motor cortex motor units
62
Process leading to voluntary movement
initial drive to move movement design 'rough draft' refined movement design relay station final executor of motor plan execution of desired movement
63
Resting membrane potential why?
K+ intracellular (membrane more permeable) = diffuse out more Na+ extracellular = negative resting membrane potential
64
Grey matter
neurons
65
White matter
nerve axons
66
When is an action potential generated?
when an excitatory stimulus opens sodium channels
67
Movement plan
developed by motor cortex sent to spinal centres for modification
68
Excitatory transmitters
neurotransmittrs that cause depolarization of membranes

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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