ANS

Question 1

Sympathetic system

Answer 1

adrenal medulla
release norepinephrine neurotransmitter

Question 2

Parasympathetic system

Answer 2

loacted in brain stem
release acetyl coline neurotransmitter
decrease in activation nodes = lower HR

Question 3

Increase HR onset of exercise

Answer 3

due to parasympathetic withdrawal

Question 4

End-diastolic volume

Answer 4

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Question 5

Average aortic blood pressure

Answer 5

pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood
mean arterial pressure

Question 6

Strength of ventricular contraction enhanced by

Answer 6

circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
direct sympathetic stimulation of heart

Question 7

Frank-starling mechanism

Answer 7

greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction
due to stretch ventricles
dependent on venous return

Question 8

Venous return increased by:

Answer 8

1. venoconstriction - via SNS
2. skeletal muscle pump - rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in extremities towards the heart
3. respiratory pump - changes in thoracic pressure pull blood towards heart

Question 9

Cardiac output

Answer 9

amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
Q = HR x SV

Question 10

Systolic pressure

Answer 10

pressure generated during ventricular contraction

Question 11

Diastolic pressure

Answer 11

pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation

Question 12

Pulse pressure

Answer 12

difference between systolic and diastolic

Question 13

Mean arteial pressure (MAP)

Answer 13

average pressure in the arteries

~100 mmHg

Question 14

Factors that determine MAP

Answer 14

cardiac output
total vascular resistance (sum of resistance to blood flow)

Question 15

MAP equation

Answer 15

cardiac output x total vascular resistance

Question 16

Short term regulation

Answer 16

SNS
baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
increase in BP = decrease SNS
decrease in BP = increase SNS

Question 17

Long term regulation

Answer 17

kidneys via control of blood volume

Question 18

Increase metabolic need for oxygen/blood to exercising skeletal muscle via

Answer 18

increased cardiac output

redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle

Question 19

What direction is the increase of CO to metabolic rate required to perform exercise

Answer 19

dircetly proportional

Question 20

Changes in blood pressure depends on

Answer 20

type, intensity and duration of exercise
environ conditions
emotional influence
training history

Question 21

Onset of exercise

Answer 21

rapid increase HR, SV, CO
plateau in submaximal below lactate threshold exercise

Question 22

During recovery

Answer 22

decrease in HR, SV and CO towards resting levels

Question 23

Incremental exercise HR and CO:

Answer 23

increase linearly with increasing work rate

reaches plateau at 100% VO2max

Question 24

Incremental exercise BP:

Answer 24

MAP increases linearly
systolic BP increases
diastolic BP remain constant

Question 25

Intermittent exercise

Answer 25

near maximal HR values

Question 26

Recovery of heart rate and blood pressure between bouts depend on

Answer 26

fitness level temperature and humidity duration and intensity of exercise

Question 27

Prolonged exercise at a constant work rate

Answer 27

CO maintained Gradual decrease in SV due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume

Question 28

Cardiovascular drift

Answer 28

gradual increase in HR during prolonged exercise in heat

Question 29

Stroke volume

Answer 29

difference between end-diastolic volume and end-sytolic volume SV = EDV - ESV

Question 30

Determine SV

Answer 30

1. preload (venous return) 2. contractility of ventricular muscle 3. afterload (aortic pressure during systole)

Question 31

Frank Starling law

Answer 31

end-diastolic volume increased = stroke volume increased up to max if increased more = SV decline

Question 32

Neurotransmitter PNS

Answer 32

acetylcholine

Question 33

Neurotransmitter SNS

Answer 33

norepinephrine epinephrine = adrenaline

Question 34

2 major adjustments in blood flow to meet increased demands O2

Answer 34

increase cardiac output redistribution blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscels

Question 35

Pulse presure

Answer 35

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Question 36

Heart rate variability

Answer 36

time interval between heart beats epidemiological studies suggest that low HRV = predict mortality increases in response to regular aerobic exercise training influenced by the balance between PNS and SNS