Effects of training

Question 1

Change VO2max with endurance training programme?

Answer 1

increase 15-20%

high initial = 2-3% increase - require high intensity exercise to improve
low initial = 50% increase

Question 2

Genetics determine training response

Answer 2

low responders = 2-3% increase VO2max
high = 50% with rigorous training

heritability of training adaptations is ~47%

Question 3

Why does training imrpove VO2max?

Answer 3

VO2max = max CO x max a-VO2 diff

short duration improvements = increase SV
long duration = SV + a-VO2 increase

Question 4

How does endurance training increase SV

Answer 4

increase preload (EDV)
increase plasma volume
increase venous return
increase ventricular volume
increase contractility
decrease afterload (TPR)

Question 5

Max HR

Answer 5

lower after training due to:
vagal tone increased
greater filling time (EDV)

Question 6

Training-induced increases in arteriovenous O2 difference

Answer 6

1. muscle blood flow increases
2. improved ability of muscle fibres to extract and utilize O2 from blood

Question 7

Muscle blood flow increases

Answer 7

decrease SNS vasoconstriction
increase diameter and compliance of arteries
specific = permits greater volume flow per beat to limb

Question 8

Improved ability of muscle fibre to extract and utilize O2 from blood

Answer 8

increase capillary density
increase mitochondrial number/volume
decrease diffusion distance

Question 9

Time of adaptations

Answer 9

double within 5 weeks of training

improved oxidative capacity and ability to utilize fat as fuel
muscle mitochondria adapt quickly

Question 10

Vascular remodeling on muscle blood flow

Answer 10

av differance greater = better O2 extraction

Question 11

Shift in muscle fibre type

Answer 11

fast to slow twitch type
reduction in fast
increase in slow

increase in slow myosin isoform = lower myosin ATPase activity but better efficiency with less ATP utilization

Question 12

Increased number of capillaries surrounding muscle fibre

Answer 12

enhanced diffusion of oxygen
improved removal of wastes

Question 13

Increase mitochondrial volume

Answer 13

greater capacity for oxidative phopshorylation
decreases cytosolic (ADP) due to increased ADP transporters (faster O2 uptake)
less lactate and H+ formation
less PC depletion

Question 14

Increased mitochondrial turnover

Answer 14

breakdown of damaged mitochondria
replacement with healthy mitochondria

Question 15

Endurance training fuel utilization

Answer 15

increased utilization of fat
sparing of glucose and muscle glycogen
decrease glucose metabolism

Question 16

Improve plasma FFA transport and oxidation into muscles

Answer 16

increased fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid translocase (FAT)

Question 17

Transport FFA from cytoplasm to mitochondria

Answer 17

higher levels carnitine transferase and FAT

Question 18

Mitochondrial oxidation of FFA

Answer 18

increased enzymes of B-oxidation
increased rate of acetyl-CoA formation

Question 19

Free radicals

Answer 19

contracting skeletal muscles produce
contain upaired electron
highly reactive
damage proteins, membranes, DNA
promote oxidative damage/muscle fatige (interfere with actin-myosin crossbridge formation)

Question 20

Primary changes in skeletal muscle as a result of endurance training

Answer 20

shift muscle fibre type
increase number capillaries
increase mitochondrial volume/turnover
increase fat metabolism
improve antioxidant capacity of muscles
improve acid-base balance

Question 21

Improve acid-base balance

Answer 21

increase mitochondrial number
less carb utilization = less pyruvate formed
increase NADH shuttles via ETC= less NADH available for acid formation
change LDH isoform

increase mitochondrial uptake of NADH and pyruvate = maintain blood pH

Question 22

Endurance + resistance training

Answer 22

promote protein synthesis

Question 23

4 primary signals

Answer 23

mechanical stretch
calcium
AMP/ATP
free radicals

Question 24

List 3 secondary signals

Answer 24

AMP kinase
PGC-1x
MTOR

Question 25

AMP kinase

Answer 25

AMPK
important signaling molecule activated during endurance exercise
promotes glucose uptake
linked to gene expression by activation of transcriptional activating factors

Question 26

PGC-1x

Answer 26

master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis
promotes angiogenesis (increased capillarization)
synthesis of antioxidant enzymes
activated by AMPK and CaMK

Question 27

mTOR

Answer 27

key in resistance training adaptations
protein kinase-major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size

Question 28

Causes of decrease in VO2max with detraining

Answer 28

decrease SV max due to rapid loss plasma volume

decrease VO2max due to decrease SV max
later decrease due to decrease a-v O2max

Question 29

Decrease max a-v O2 difference

Answer 29

decrease mitochondria
decrease oxidative capacity of muscle
decrease type 2a fibres
increase type 2x fibres

Question 30

Changes in muscle anaerobic exercise

Answer 30

improve muscle buffer capacity - increase H+ transporters/increase mitochondrial volume
hypertrophy type 2 fibres
elevates enzymes involved in ATP-PC system and glycolysis

Question 31

Capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 31

increased following several weeks of endurance exercise training
due to increase in number of GLUT4 glucose transporters