Effects of training Flashcards

1
Q

Change VO2max with endurance training programme?

A

increase 15-20%

high initial = 2-3% increase - require high intensity exercise to improve
low initial = 50% increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genetics determine training response

A

low responders = 2-3% increase VO2max
high = 50% with rigorous training

heritability of training adaptations is ~47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why does training imrpove VO2max?

A

VO2max = max CO x max a-VO2 diff

short duration improvements = increase SV
long duration = SV + a-VO2 increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does endurance training increase SV

A

increase preload (EDV)
increase plasma volume
increase venous return
increase ventricular volume
increase contractility
decrease afterload (TPR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Max HR

A

lower after training due to:
vagal tone increased
greater filling time (EDV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Training-induced increases in arteriovenous O2 difference

A
  1. muscle blood flow increases
  2. improved ability of muscle fibres to extract and utilize O2 from blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Muscle blood flow increases

A

decrease SNS vasoconstriction
increase diameter and compliance of arteries
specific = permits greater volume flow per beat to limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Improved ability of muscle fibre to extract and utilize O2 from blood

A

increase capillary density
increase mitochondrial number/volume
decrease diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Time of adaptations

A

double within 5 weeks of training

improved oxidative capacity and ability to utilize fat as fuel
muscle mitochondria adapt quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vascular remodeling on muscle blood flow

A

av differance greater = better O2 extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Shift in muscle fibre type

A

fast to slow twitch type
reduction in fast
increase in slow

increase in slow myosin isoform = lower myosin ATPase activity but better efficiency with less ATP utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Increased number of capillaries surrounding muscle fibre

A

enhanced diffusion of oxygen
improved removal of wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Increase mitochondrial volume

A

greater capacity for oxidative phopshorylation
decreases cytosolic (ADP) due to increased ADP transporters (faster O2 uptake)
less lactate and H+ formation
less PC depletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Increased mitochondrial turnover

A

breakdown of damaged mitochondria
replacement with healthy mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Endurance training fuel utilization

A

increased utilization of fat
sparing of glucose and muscle glycogen
decrease glucose metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Improve plasma FFA transport and oxidation into muscles

A

increased fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid translocase (FAT)

17
Q

Transport FFA from cytoplasm to mitochondria

A

higher levels carnitine transferase and FAT

18
Q

Mitochondrial oxidation of FFA

A

increased enzymes of B-oxidation
increased rate of acetyl-CoA formation

19
Q

Free radicals

A

contracting skeletal muscles produce
contain upaired electron
highly reactive
damage proteins, membranes, DNA
promote oxidative damage/muscle fatige (interfere with actin-myosin crossbridge formation)

20
Q

Primary changes in skeletal muscle as a result of endurance training

A

shift muscle fibre type
increase number capillaries
increase mitochondrial volume/turnover
increase fat metabolism
improve antioxidant capacity of muscles
improve acid-base balance

21
Q

Improve acid-base balance

A

increase mitochondrial number
less carb utilization = less pyruvate formed
increase NADH shuttles via ETC= less NADH available for acid formation
change LDH isoform

increase mitochondrial uptake of NADH and pyruvate = maintain blood pH

22
Q

Endurance + resistance training

A

promote protein synthesis

23
Q

4 primary signals

A

mechanical stretch
calcium
AMP/ATP
free radicals

24
Q

List 3 secondary signals

A

AMP kinase
PGC-1x
MTOR

25
AMP kinase
AMPK important signaling molecule activated during endurance exercise promotes glucose uptake linked to gene expression by activation of transcriptional activating factors
26
PGC-1x
master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis promotes angiogenesis (increased capillarization) synthesis of antioxidant enzymes activated by AMPK and CaMK
27
mTOR
key in resistance training adaptations protein kinase-major regulator of protein synthesis and muscle size
28
Causes of decrease in VO2max with detraining
decrease SV max due to rapid loss plasma volume decrease VO2max due to decrease SV max later decrease due to decrease a-v O2max
29
Decrease max a-v O2 difference
decrease mitochondria decrease oxidative capacity of muscle decrease type 2a fibres increase type 2x fibres
30
Changes in muscle anaerobic exercise
improve muscle buffer capacity - increase H+ transporters/increase mitochondrial volume hypertrophy type 2 fibres elevates enzymes involved in ATP-PC system and glycolysis
31
Capacity to transport glucose into skeletal muscle fibres
increased following several weeks of endurance exercise training due to increase in number of GLUT4 glucose transporters