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Applied physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of cardiovascular system

A

transport O2 and nutriets to tissue
removal CO2 wastes from tissue
regulation of body temp

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2
Q

During exercise 2 major adjustments of blood flow

A

increased CO
redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active muscles

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3
Q

Heart

A

creates pressure to pump blood

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4
Q

Arteries/arterioles

A

carry blood away from heart

distribution/resistance vessels

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange O2, CO2 and nutrients with tissues

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6
Q

Veins/venules

A

carry blood towards the heart

capacitance

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7
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

right side
pump deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries
return oxygenated blood to left side via pulmonary vein

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8
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left side
pump oxygenated blood to muscle via arteries
return deoxygenated blood to right side via veins

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9
Q

Wall components

A

smooth muscle
collagen
elastin
endothelium

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10
Q

Smooth muscle

A

change resistance
redistribute blood flow

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11
Q

Endothelium

A

blood flow over trigger response to dilate = more blood flow

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12
Q

Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood
contains ions, proteins, hormones

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13
Q

Red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
contain haemoglobin

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14
Q

White blood cells

A

prevent infection

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15
Q

Platelets

A

blood clotting

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16
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of volume of red blood cells
42%

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17
Q

Blood flow gradient

A

high pressure to low pressure

pressure generated by heart

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18
Q

Which side of the heart has lower pressure?

A

right
due to lungs

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19
Q

Resistance to flow

A

through vessel, caused by friction between blood vessel in wall

main resistance provided by arteries/arterioles

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20
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

sum of resistances to flow in all individual organs

MAP = CO x TPR

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21
Q

Darcy’s law

A

blood flow = change pressure / resistance

22
Q

Blood flow direction

A

directly proportional to pressure (p1-p2)

inversely proportional to resistance

23
Q

Pressure direction

A

proportional to difference between MAP and right arterial pressure

24
Q

Resistance depends on

A

length of vessel
viscosity of blood
radius of vessel

25
Resistance equation
length x viscocity / radius4
26
Poiseuille's law
for a single vessel resistance inversely proportional to radius4
27
Sources of vascular resistance
MAP decreases throughout systemic circulation largest BP drop occurs across arterioles
28
Oxygen consumption equation
cardiac output x A-V oxygen difference
29
Arteriovenous difference
amount O2 taken up from 100ml blood increase during exercise due to increase O2 uptake in tissues used for oxidative ATP production
30
Fick equation
VO2 = Q (cardiac output) x a-vO2 difference
31
Central command theory
initial signal to drive cardiovascular system form higher brain centres due to centrally generated motor signals at onset of exercise
32
Afferent feedback from
muscle mechanoreceptors muscle chemoreceptors baroreceptors
33
Exercise pressor reflex
peripheral feedback to medulla oblongata to amend CV response to exercise
34
Barorecptors
sensitive to changes in arterial blood pressure
35
Mechanoreceptors
muscle spindle/golgi tendon organ sensitive to force and speed of muscular movement
36
Chemoreceptors
sensitive to changes in chemical environ metabolites (H+ ions, lactic acid, CO2, pH)
37
Baroreflex
reset during exercise curve shifted right central command/exercise pressor reflex reset arterial baroreflex
38
Dual control
redundancy
39
Cardiac output direction
directly proportional to metabolic rate required to perform during exercise
40
HR
number of beats per minute
41
SV
amount of blood ejected in each beat
42
End diastolic volume
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (preload) venous return frank starling mechanism (stretch of ventricles)
43
Average aortic blood pressure
pressure that heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload) mean arterial pressure
44
Contractility enhanced by
circulating epinephrine/nor direct sympathetic stimulation of heart
45
Double product
HR x systolic BP
46
Effect of aerobic training on sarcomeres
eccentric hypertrophy
47
Effect of resistance training on sarcomeres
concentric hypertrophy
48
During exercise time spent in diastole and systole
decreased greatest decrease in diastole
49
Stroke volume during incremental exercise
increases to 40% VO2max
50
Contraction of left ventricle
bundle branches depolarise ventricle contracts ventricular pressure increases blood exits the ventricle
51
How are electrical implulses conducted between heart muscle cells?
intercalated discs

Applied physiology (24 decks)

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