Clinical populations

Question 1

Sarcopenia

Answer 1

age-related muscle loss

Question 2

Ageing and muscle loss

Answer 2

10% lost 25-50
+40% lost 50-80

loss fast twitch
gain slow

Question 3

What can delay age-related muscle loss?

Answer 3

resistance training

Question 4

Cachexia

Answer 4

disease related muscle loss

Question 5

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 5

loss of muscle fibres and weakness
hereditary defects in muscle protein

Question 6

When is thermoregulation impaired in women?

Answer 6

during luteal phase of menstrual cycle

Question 7

Concerns for female athletes

Answer 7

exercise/menstrual cycle
eating disorders
bone mineral density
exercise during pregnancy

Question 8

Athletic amenorrhea

Answer 8

stopping of menstruation
due to modified release of hormones from hypothalamus

12-69% of female athletes
3% general pop

Question 9

Causes amenorrhea

Answer 9

amount of training (overtraining)
increase psychological stress
low energy availability (increase energy expenditure/and or restricted nutrient intake

Question 10

Dysmenorrhea

Answer 10

painful menstruation due to prostaglandins
may limit training due to discomfort

Question 11

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 11

extreme steps to reduce body weight
startvation
excessive exercise
laxative use

can cause death

Question 12

Bulimia

Answer 12

pattern of overeating followed by vomiting

damage to teeth/esophagus due to stomach acid

Question 13

Osteoporosis

Answer 13

loss of bone mineral content

exercise can reduce rate of bone loss

Question 14

Risk of knee injury women

Answer 14

3.5x higher risk non-contact ACL injury

due to fluctuation in hormones during menstrual cycle
sex differences in anatomy
dynamic neuromuscuar imbalances

Question 15

Training with type 1 diabetes

Answer 15

avoid hypoglycemia
blood glucose control - carb snack/drink during exercise
insulin injection
exercise with someone

Question 16

Ageing

Answer 16

decline in VO2max

1% per year after 40
training slow but not prevent

decline max oxygen extraction
due to decrease capillary density and mitochondrial volume

Question 17

Exercise in older pop

Answer 17

regular exercise/reduced sedentary time = offset natural decline in immunity
improve immunity

effector cells govern immunosurveillance = environ inhibity tumour growth
collect cells for stem cell transplants

Question 18

Female athlete triad

Answer 18

amenorrhea
bone mineral loss
eating disorders

Question 19

Causes of osteoporosis

Answer 19

estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea

inadequate calcium intake due to eating disorders