Hormonal signalling

Question 1

What must the cell have for the hormone to elicit a specific response to the cell

Answer 1

Possess specific receptor proteins

Question 2

Transduction

Answer 2

Receptors by initiating signalling events or cellular mechanism that result in target cells response

Question 3

What ways can a hormone signal respond

Answer 3

Stimulation of protein synthesis
Activation or deactivation of enzymes
Alteration in the permeability of the cell membrane
Altered rates of mitosis and cell growth
Stimulation of the secretion of products

Question 4

What is signalling amplification

Answer 4

Any molecules that catalyse a reaction can do so multiple times producing more than one product.

Question 5

What does insulin affect

Answer 5

Glycolysis
Glucose uptake
Gluconeogenesis
Cell growth

Question 6

What are the 2 main classes of hormone receptors

Answer 6

Cell surface- transmembrane receptors
Intracellular receptors

Question 7

Transmembrane receptor function

Answer 7

Hormones that cannot cross the plasma membrane will use cell surface receptors

Question 8

Transmembrane receptors type

Answer 8

Extracellular
Intracellular
Transmembrane domains

Question 9

Receptors transfer signal from outside of cell to the inside then what

Answer 9

Triggering a single transduction cascade

Question 10

What enzyme carries out phosphorylation

Answer 10

Kinase enzymes

Question 11

What reverses the phosphorylation reaction

Answer 11

Phosphatases

Question 12

What is phosphorylation

Answer 12

The transfer of a phosphate group

Question 13

Tyrosine kinase function

Answer 13

Phosphorylates tyrosine amino acid residues

Question 14

Enzyme linked cell surface receptors pathways

Answer 14

Insulin binds insulin receptor
Tyrosine kinase on cytoplasmic side of receptor is activated
Kinase causes phosphorylation of intracellular proteins triggers cascade reactions

Question 15

What is the most common signal transduction pathway

Answer 15

Signalling through G protein linked receptors

Question 16

G protein linked receptor signalling route 1

Answer 16

Hormone
Receptor
Adenylate cyclase
Cyclic AMP
Protein kinase A
Glucose metabolism

Question 17

G protein linked receptor signalling route 2

Answer 17

Hormone
Receptor
Phospholipase C
IP3
Calcium
Glucose metabolism

Question 18

Secondary messengers

Answer 18

Cyclic AMP- cAMP
Inositol triphosphate IP3
Diacylglycerol DAG

Question 19

What are G protein linked receptors response to hormone mediated by

Answer 19

Trimeric GTP binding protein

Question 20

What are the 3 subunits of G proteins

Answer 20

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

Question 21

What does hormone binding cause

Answer 21

A conformational change

Question 22

What is the on coding

Answer 22

Gtp

Question 23

What is the off coding

Answer 23

GDP

Question 24

What does the intracellular domain interact with

Answer 24

G protein

Question 25

Activation of G protein allows alpha subunit to do what

Answer 25

Dissociate

Question 26

Alpha subunit activates what enzyme

Answer 26

Adenylate cyclase

Question 27

Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to

Answer 27

CAMP

Question 28

Chemical messengers that can cross the plasma membrane use what type of receptors

Answer 28

Intracellular receptors

Question 29

Intracellular receptors use either

Answer 29

Cytosolic
Nuclear

Question 30

Hormones with cytoplasmic receptors

Answer 30

Androgen
Progesterone
Corticosteroids

Question 31

Hormones with nuclear receptors

Answer 31

Oestrogen
Thryoxine

Question 32

What do receptor/ hormone complexes function as

Answer 32

Transcription factors