Gene expression Flashcards
What is the name for DNA
Deoxyribose
What is the name for RNA
Ribose nucleic acid
What are the two main groups of bases
Pyrimidines
Purines
What bases are pyrimidines
Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine
What bases are purines
Adenine
Guanine
What is the function of mRNA
Code for proteins
What is the function of rRNA
Make ribosomes
What is the function of tRNA
Transfer of specific amino acids to a ribosome
What is promoter
Region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene
What are exons
Coding regions
What are introns
Non coding regions
What do transcription factors do
Initiates gene transcription
What does RNA polymerase do
Enzyme that transcribes DNA to produce a mRNA copy
Role of RNA polymerase
Attaches at the promoter sequence of DNA, it moves along the DNA, unzipping the strands
What does RNA splicing do
Removes the non coding introns
Proteins processing pathway
New proteins synthesis starts on free ribosomes
Polypeptide chains enter ER
New protein accumulates in ER lumen or new protein embeds in ER membrane
Golgi apparatus process proteins
Proteins synthesised on the rough ER and exit in transport vesicles
Vesicles fuse with the cis Golgi complec
Proteins migrate through the Golgi cis to the trans Golgi
Proteins are packaged in vesicles
What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for
Post translation modifications of proteins
Examples of post translational modifications
Formation of disulfide bonds
Addition and processing of carbohydrates
Specific proteolytic cleavages
Assembly into multimeric proteins
Proper folding
Gene regulation is
How a cell controls which genes are turned on
Gene regulation is responsible for
Spatial expression- not every gene product is needed in every cell
Temporal expression- different genes are expressed at different times in response to a wide range of factors
What are enhancers
Regions of genes that increase the rate of transcription
What do silencers do
Depress the rate of transcription
What is alternative mRNA splicing
Produce more than one protein product from a single gene
What is epigenetics
External modification of genes that turn genes on or off
