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Module 1 vetmed > Cell growth and cell death > Flashcards

Cell growth and cell death Flashcards

1
Q

For cells to divide they need to

A

Grow
Copy their genetic material
Divide

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2
Q

What cells never divide

A

Neurons
Skeletal
Cardiac muscle

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3
Q

What cells divide frequently

A

Skin
Small intestine

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4
Q

What cells only divide if they need to

A

Liver

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5
Q

Labile tissues are tissues that

A

Continuously divide

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6
Q

Stable tissues are tissues that

A

Respond to a stimulus to divide

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7
Q

What is G0

A

When cells are no longer dividing

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8
Q

What is temporary G0

A

When some cells can be placed temporarily in G0 then called back by the cell cycle by external signals

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9
Q

What is G1 phase

A

Growth phase- prepares for DNA replication

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10
Q

What is S phase

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

What is G2 phase

A

Growth phase- prepares for mitosis

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12
Q

What is M phase

A

Mitotic phase

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13
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle

A

G1-s-G2-M

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14
Q

What stage of the cell cycle can G0 be

A

G1

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15
Q

What is permanent G0

A

Cells that are terminally differentiated and will not divide again

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16
Q

What are mitogens

A

Growth factors

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17
Q

What do Mitogens do

A

Stimulate the cell to grow and divide

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18
Q

What stage of the cell cycle do cells respond to mitogens

A

G1

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19
Q

What happens with the absence of mitogens

A

Cell gets pushed to G0

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20
Q

What is the term for when a cell is placed in G0 temporarily

A

Quiescence

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21
Q

Progression through the cell cycle is mediated by two class of proteins what are they

A

Cyclins
Cyclin dependant kinases

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22
Q

Are cyclins active on their own

A

No

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23
Q

What do cyclins and CDKs bind to to become activated

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

What is formed when cyclins or CDKS bind to enzymes

A

Active enzyme complex

25
Q

What activates the target protein in CDK

A

Phosphorylation

26
Q

CDKs are present throughout the cell cycle but aren’t activated until their what binds

A

Cyclin

27
Q

How to mitogens function

A

Binding to growth factor receptors which trigger a biological response to drive cell cycle forward out of G1

28
Q

What cyclin and CDK is used in G1

A

Cyclin D
CDK 4/6

29
Q

What cyclin and CDK is used in G1 to S

A

Cyclin E
CDK 2

30
Q

What cyclin and CDK is used in G2

A

Cyclin A
CDK 1

31
Q

What cyclin and CDK is used in M phase

A

Cyclin B
CDK1

32
Q

What is the Mitogen process of moving cell past G1

A

Mitogen interacts with receptor
Stimulates synthesis of cyclin D
Cyclin D complexes with CDK 4/6
Active cyclin complex enzyme is formed
Enzyme complex causes activation of target proteins

33
Q

What is the cyclin first to be synthesised in response to Mitogen activation

A

Cyclin D

34
Q

What do the cell cycle checkpoints function as

A

Surveillance system

35
Q

What are the 2 main cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1 DNA damage checkpoint
G1 restriction point check

36
Q

What protein regulated the DNA damage checkpoint

A

P53

37
Q

What protein regulates the G1 restriction point check

A

Rb protein

38
Q

Checkpoints are controlled by

A

Tumour suppressor proteins

39
Q

What do tumour suppressors do

A

Prevent tumours by blocking cell cycle

40
Q

What is the process of the DNA damage checkpoint

A
  1. DNA damage is recognised by the cell by sensor proteins
  2. Sensor proteins trigger the activation of p53 protein
  3. Activated p53 triggers either a cell cycle arrest or cell death
41
Q

What is Hayflicks limit

A

Limit to cell growth

42
Q

How can some cells be immortal

A

Maintain telomere so never enter senescence

43
Q

What is the enzyme that adds telomere back onto the chromosome

A

Telomerase

44
Q

What is senescence

A

Instrinctally programmed limit to cell proliferation

45
Q

Can senescence be reversed

A

No

46
Q

Are scenescent cells metabolically active

A

Yes

47
Q

What are telomeres

A

Specialised DNA structures that are important regulators of senescence

48
Q

What is the structure of telomeres

A

Non coding DNA sequences
TTA GGG

49
Q

What happens to telomere after cell division

A

Some gets removed

49
Q

Once the telomere shortens completely what happens

A

Cell enters senescence

50
Q

What are the 3 main cell death pathways

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis
Autophagy

51
Q

What is apoptosis needed for

A

Homeostasis- uterus lining etc.
Animal development
Cell defence mechanism

52
Q

Pro apoptotic signals include

A

DNA damage
Mitogen withdrawals
Hypoxia
Ischaemia

53
Q

What are caspases

A

Class of enzymes that are important in apoptosis and activate nucleases
And proteases

54
Q

What is necrosis

A

Form of pathological insult- disordered cell death

55
Q

What can necrosis results from

A

Oxygen deprivation
Physical agents
Chemicals
Viral and bacteria infections

56
Q

What happens to cell contents in necrosis

A

Spill out and illicit an immune response

57
Q
A

Module 1 vetmed (22 decks)

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