Hormonal Regulation and Energy

Question 1

Liver Response to Fed State

Answer 1

Increase storage of glucose carbons
Glucose to glucose 6P
Glycogen synthesis
Glycolysis

Question 2

Liver use of Glucose during High Insulin

Answer 2

No use of glucose
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Inhibit G6P to Glucose

Question 3

Properties of PFK(1)

Answer 3

Conversion of Fructose 6P to Fructose 1,6BP
Activated by AMP, Fructose 2,6BP
Inhibited by ATP and Citrate
nb: fructose 1,6BP feeds forward to Pyruvate Kinase

Question 4

Properties of PFK2-F26BPase Enzyme

Answer 4

Conversion of F6P to F26BP is promoted by high insulin
Glucagon activates PKA
PKA phosphorylates and deactivates PFK2

Question 5

Activators of mTORC1

Answer 5

Amino Acids during Fed State (from meal)

Activation of Insulin Receptor to stimulate PKB (Akt)

Question 6

Role of mTORC1

Answer 6

Inhibits production of Insulin Receptor

Activates SREBP1c

Question 7

Role SREBP1c

Answer 7

increases Glucokinase and pyruvate kinase (proglycolysis)
Lipogenic enzymes
Increases expression of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase in PPP

Question 8

Relationship between FOX01 and Insulin

Answer 8

Insulin Deactivates FOX01 via Akt

Question 9

Role of FOX01

Answer 9

FOX01 promotes gluconeogeneiss and HDL synthesis

Question 10

Actions of PKA

Answer 10

Activates phosphorylase kinase (activates gluconeogenesis)
Phosphorylates and deactivates PFK2
Activates CREB (transcription factor for gluconeogenesis)
Phosphorylates and deactivates pyruvate kinase
Phosphorylates and activates HSL to break down lipids

Question 11

What is the first organ to respond to glucagon?

Answer 11

Liver

Question 12

Where are catecholamines produced and by what major Amino Acid/ Enzyme

Answer 12

Catecholamines are made in the medulla of the adrenal gland

Derived from tyrosine via tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 13

Main signaling protein for low energy

Answer 13

AMP Kinase

senses low ATP/AMP levels

Question 14

AMP kinase is activated by

Answer 14

Biguanides
Phenobarbital
Caloric Deprivation

Question 15

Result of active AMP kinase

Answer 15

Increase Catabolic Reactions / Decrease Anabolic Reactions
Increase glycolsis / Decrease Lipid Synthesis
Increase FFA Oxidation / Decrease Cell Cycle Progression
Increase Autophagy / Decrease Gluconeogenesis

Question 16

Action of Sirtuins and role of SIRT-1

Answer 16

Sirtuins are deacetylases that target acetylated lysine residues
Activated by high NAD+/NADH ratio
SIRT-1 activates AMP-K and AMP-K activates SIRT-1

Question 17

Relationship between AMP-Kinase and mTORC1

Answer 17

AMP-Kinase and mTORC1 oppose eachother

nb: Metformin inhibits mTORC1 and activates AMP-Kinase

Question 18

Similarity between Unfolded Protein Response and mTORC1?

Answer 18

Promote Insulin Resistance

Question 19

In response to high oxidative stress of elevated glucose, UPR does the following?

Answer 19

Increase Antioxidant gene transcription
Increaes inflammatory reponse
Increase FFA oxidation
Increase Chaperone
Decrease protein synthesis

Question 20

Where are POMC cells located?

Answer 20

Hypothalamus

Question 21

Hypothalamic regulation of weight?

Answer 21

POMC cells in the hypothalamus secrete alpha-MSH
a-MSH binds to MCR-4
aMSH/MCR4 complex decreases food intake and increase energy expenditure