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Biology > Hormonal Communication - 5 > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication - 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Made of endocrine glands

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Specialised cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Specialised cells that secrete chemicals through ducts onto a surface

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4
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

Sweat
salivary
mammary
Mucous

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5
Q

What are hormones

A

Messenger molecules released by endocrine glands into the blood

Act as signals for target organs

Can be steroid, proteins, glycoproteins or polypeptides

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6
Q

What are the two types of hormones

A

Non-steroid
Steroid

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7
Q

What are non-steroid hormones

A

Often proteins
Do not enter the cell
Bind to receptors in the cell surface membrane

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8
Q

Name 3 types of non-steroid hormones

A

Adrenaline
Insulin
Glucagon

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9
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Enter the cell
Have a direct effect on the DNA in the nucleus

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10
Q

Name 2 types of steroid hormones

A

Oestrogen
Testosterone

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11
Q

How do Non-steroid hormones work

A

Hydrophilic

The hormone is the first messenger

Cannot pass directly through cell membrane

Binds to specific receptors on cell surface of target cell

When hormone binds with complementary receptor, a G protein is activated

This activates an enzyme called adenyl cyclase,

Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP which is known as the second messenger

Camp acts directly on another protein

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12
Q

How to steroid hormones work

A

Lipid soluble

Pass through plasma membrane

Bind to steroid hormone receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus forming a hormone-receptor complex

Complex acts as a transcription factor

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13
Q

What hormones are produced from the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol

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14
Q

What hormone is produced from the adrenal medulla

A

Adrenaline

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15
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Controls Na+ and K+ levels in the blood

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16
Q

What does cortisol do

A

Controls metabolism in the liver by decreasing synthesis of glycogen

17
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

prepares the body for action

18
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct

19
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes hormones directly into the blood

20
Q

How does the exocrine function of the pancreas secrete enzymes

A

Pancreatic cells surround small tubules which drain into the pancreatic duct

Pancreatic cells produce pancreatic juice

21
Q

What is pancreatic juice made up of

A

Amylase
Trypsinogen
Lipase

22
Q

How does the endocrine function of the pancreas secrete hormones

A

Hormones are secreted from the cells in the islets of langerhans

Alpha cells manufacture and secrete glucagon

Beta cells manufacture and produce insulin

Hormones released directly into the blood

23
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

The formation of glycogen from glucose

24
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

The breaking of glycogen to form glucose

25
Q

What is Gluconeogenisis

A

Making new glucose

26
Q

How does the body react to raised glucose levels

A

Alpha and beta cells in the isle of Langerhans detect a change in blood glucose levels

Alpha cells decrease glucagon secretion
Beta cells increase insulin secretion

This targets the hepatocytes and muscle cells

More glucose channels placed on the membrane, so more glucose enters

Glycogenesis occurs

Glucose converted to fats

More glucose used in respiration

27
Q

How does the body react to low glucose levels

A

Alpha and beta cells in the isle of Langerhans detect a change in blood glucose levels

Alpha cells increase glucagon secretion
Beta cells decrease insulin secretion

This targets the hepatocytes

Glycogenolysis occurs

Glucose goes into blood

Uses fatty acids in respiration

Gluconeogenesis occurs

28
Q

How are insulin levels in beta cells regulated

A

Cell membrane as potassium and calcium ion channels
Potassium ion channels normally open

When blood glucose concentration is high, glucose moves into the cell

Glucose is metabolised to produce ATP
ATP closes potassium ion channels

Build up of K+ ions alters the potential difference

This causes calcium ion channels to open

Calcium ions cause the vesicles of insulin to fuse with the cell membrane

releasing insulin by exocytosis

29
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

Disease in which the body can no longer control its blood glucose levels

Pancreas either doesn’t produce enough insulin or body cant effectively respond to the insulin

30
Q

What can diabetes mellitus cause

A

Hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia

31
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Patients are unable to produce insulin
usually develops during childhood
An autoimmune response which destroys beta cells

32
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Cant use insulin to control blood glucose levels effectively

beta cells don’t produce enough insulin or body cells don’t respond to insulin

33
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

Excess body weight

Physical inactivity

Overeating of refined carbohydrates

34
Q

What are treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

Regular blood glucose monitoring

insulin injections

35
Q

What are treatments for type 2 diabetes

A

Regulation of carbohydrate intake

Exercise

Weight loss

Drugs

Insulin injections

36
Q

What are sources of insulin

A

Extracted from animals

Stem cells

Genetically engineered bacteria

37
Q

Advantages of genetically modified insulin

A

Produced in a pure form so less likely to produce allergic reactions

Produced in higher quantities

Cheaper production costs

No ethical concerns

38
Q

Advantages of stem cell therapy

A

Donor availability wont be an issue

Reduced likelihood of rejection

Removal of the need for insulin injections

39
Q

Disadvantages of stem cell therapy

A

We do not know how to fully control the growth of stem cells

Concerns of formation of tumours due to unlimited cell growth

Ethical concerns

Biology (22 decks)

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