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Animal Responses - 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the somatic nervous system include

A

Sensory neurones
Motor neurones
Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Motor neurones
internal organs

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

Prepares the body for action

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

Returns the body to rest

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5
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic system

A

Noradrenaline

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6
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Made of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
Self-governing and responsible for many homeostatic mechanisms

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8
Q

3 examples of effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Increased heart rate
Pupil dilation
Increased ventilation rate

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9
Q

3 examples of effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased heart rate
Pupil constriction
Decreased ventilation

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

A

Controls voluntary actions such as thought, vision and speech

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11
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

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12
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and breathing

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13
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Responsible for regulating many body functions, controlling the activity if other glands

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Control centre that monitors blood and helps maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Response to a stimuli without a conscious decision

Conscious parts of the brain not involved

Faster and protective response

Involves 3 neurones

Relay neurone is in the CNS

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16
Q

Explain the knee-jerk reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Only 2 neurones involved
No relay neurone so cant be inhibited
Very fast
Helps with movement and balance

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17
Q

Explain the blinking reflex

A

3 neurones involved

Relay neurone in the brain

Can be inhibited

Prevents eye damage

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18
Q

What is the location and function of the stretch receptors

A

Found in muscles and detect movement in muscles

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19
Q

what is the location and function of chemoreceptors

A

Found in carotid artery, aorta and medulla oblongata and detect changes in pH

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20
Q

What is the location and function of the barorecptors

A

Found in carotid artery and aorta

Detects changes in blood pressure

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21
Q

How does the nervous control decrease heart rate

22
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

23
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic
Cylindrical
Branched
Striated
Intercalated discs separate cells
One nucleus
Do not fatigue

24
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Spindle shaped
Not branched
Not striated
One nucleus
Slow contraction
Do not fatigue

25
Describe the structure of skeletal muscle
Voluntary cylindrical Not branched Striated Long cells Multinucleate
26
What is the structure of skeletal muscle cells
Sarcolemma Mitochondria Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasm Myofibril
27
what filaments make up myofibril
Myosin and actin
28
Which filament in the myofibril is thin
Actin
29
Which filament in the myofibril is thick
myosin
30
What is the sacromere
One of the many units of a myofibril which runs from one Z line to Z line
31
What is the Z line
Where actin filaments meet
32
What is the M line
Where the myosin filaments meet
33
What is the H zone
Myosin not covered by action
34
What is the I band
Actin not covered by myosin
35
What is the A band
All of the myosin and some overlapping actin
36
What is the name of the model for muscle contraction
The sliding filament model
37
What happens to each part of the muscle during muscle contraction
H zone - shortens I band - shortens A band - same size Filaments - same size Sarcomere - shortens Myofibril - shortens Muscle cells
38
What is the structure of the filaments
Myosin heads have two binding sites, one for actin and one for ATP Troponin is attached to tropomyosin on actin filament At rest tropomyosin blocks the actin-myosin binding sites
39
Where is ATP generated for muscle contraction
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration ATP- creatine phosphate
40
What is the flight or fight response
Stimulates stress responses involving adrenaline Triggers physiological changes to prepare body
41
Use the secondary messenger model to explain how adrenaline works
Adrenaline acts as the first messenger This forms a hormone-receptor complex This activates a g protein This activates adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP cAMP acts as 2nd messenger, which allows glycogenolysis
42
How is muscle contraction stimulated at a neuromuscular junction
An action potential at a neuromuscular junction causes voltage gated calcium ions to open Vesicles move towards and fuse with presynaptic membrane Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft through exocytosis Ach binds to receptors on sodium channel proteins on skeletal muscle cell membrane Na+ build up causes depolarisation
43
Explain the role of Ca2+ in muscle contraction
Action potential moves through T-tubules in sarcoplasm, causing Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change to tropomyosin This exposes binding sites on actin filaments so actinomyosin bridges form
44
Outline the sliding filament model theory
Myosin head with ADP attached forms a cross bridge with actin Power stroke: myosin head changes shape & loses ADP pulling actin over myosin ATP attaches to myosin head, causing it to detach from actin ATPase hydrolyses ATP to ADP + Pi, causing myosin head to return to original position Myosin head re-attaches to actin further along filament
45
How does sliding filament action cause a myofibril to shorten
Myosin heads flex in opposite directions, pulling actin filaments to pull towards each other Distance between adjacent sarcomere Z lines shorten Sliding filament action occurs multiple times
46
Explain the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction
Phosphorylates ADP directly to ATP when oxygen for aerobic respiration is limited
47
State the name and location of the 2 nodes involved in heart contraction
Sinoatrial node - walls of right atrium Atrioventricular node - lower end of right atrium
48
How does the body respond to an increase in blood pressure
Baroreceptors send more impulses to the medulla oblongata More impulses to SAN via the parasympathetic nervous system Stimulates the release of Ach, which decreases heart rate
49
How does the body respond to an decrease in blood pressure
Baroreceptors send more impulses to the medulla oblongata More impulses to SAN via the sympathetic nervous system Stimulates the release of noradrenaline, which increases heart rate
50
How does the body respond to an increase in CO2 concentration
Chemoreceptors detect a decrease in pH And send impulses to the medulla oblongata More impulses sent to the SAN via the sympathetic nervous system Heart rate increases, increasing blood flow, rate of gas exchange and ventilation rate
51
Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction
Synaptic cleft between a presynaptic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
52
What is the role of glucose in muscle contraction
Used in respiration to release energy to produce ATP Used for breaking cross bridges Hydrolysed to ADP and Pi Active transport of calcium ions

Biology (27 decks)

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