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Biology > Animal Responses - 5 > Flashcards

Animal Responses - 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the somatic nervous system include

A

Sensory neurones
Motor neurones
Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic
Motor neurones
internal organs

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

Prepares the body for action

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

Returns the body to rest

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5
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic system

A

Noradrenaline

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6
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Made of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
Self-governing and responsible for many homeostatic mechanisms

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8
Q

3 examples of effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Increased heart rate
Pupil dilation
Increased ventilation rate

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9
Q

3 examples of effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased heart rate
Pupil constriction
Decreased ventilation

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

A

Controls voluntary actions such as thought, vision and speech

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11
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

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12
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and breathing

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13
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Responsible for regulating many body functions, controlling the activity if other glands

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Control centre that monitors blood and helps maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Response to a stimuli without a conscious decision

Conscious parts of the brain not involved

Faster and protective response

Involves 3 neurones

Relay neurone is in the CNS

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16
Q

Explain the knee-jerk reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Only 2 neurones involved
No relay neurone so cant be inhibited
Very fast
Helps with movement and balance

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17
Q

Explain the blinking reflex

A

3 neurones involved

Relay neurone in the brain

Can be inhibited

Prevents eye damage

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18
Q

What is the location and function of the stretch receptors

A

Found in muscles and detect movement in muscles

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19
Q

what is the location and function of chemoreceptors

A

Found in carotid artery, aorta and medulla oblongata and detect changes in pH

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20
Q

What is the location and function of the barorecptors

A

Found in carotid artery and aorta

Detects changes in blood pressure

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21
Q

How does the nervous control decrease heart rate

A
22
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

23
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic
Cylindrical
Branched
Striated
Intercalated discs separate cells
One nucleus
Do not fatigue

24
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Spindle shaped
Not branched
Not striated
One nucleus
Slow contraction
Do not fatigue

25
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary
cylindrical
Not branched
Striated
Long cells
Multinucleate

26
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle cells

A

Sarcolemma
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasm
Myofibril

27
Q

what filaments make up myofibril

A

Myosin and actin

28
Q

Which filament in the myofibril is thin

A

Actin

29
Q

Which filament in the myofibril is thick

A

myosin

30
Q

What is the sacromere

A

One of the many units of a myofibril which runs from one Z line to Z line

31
Q

What is the Z line

A

Where actin filaments meet

32
Q

What is the M line

A

Where the myosin filaments meet

33
Q

What is the H zone

A

Myosin not covered by action

34
Q

What is the I band

A

Actin not covered by myosin

35
Q

What is the A band

A

All of the myosin and some overlapping actin

36
Q

What is the name of the model for muscle contraction

A

The sliding filament model

37
Q

What happens to each part of the muscle during muscle contraction

A

H zone - shortens
I band - shortens
A band - same size
Filaments - same size
Sarcomere - shortens
Myofibril - shortens
Muscle cells

38
Q

What is the structure of the filaments

A

Myosin heads have two binding sites, one for actin and one for ATP

Troponin is attached to tropomyosin on actin filament

At rest tropomyosin blocks the actin-myosin binding sites

39
Q

Where is ATP generated for muscle contraction

A

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

ATP- creatine phosphate

40
Q

What is the flight or fight response

A

Stimulates stress responses involving adrenaline

Triggers physiological changes to prepare body

41
Q

Use the secondary messenger model to explain how adrenaline works

A

Adrenaline acts as the first messenger
This forms a hormone-receptor complex
This activates a g protein
This activates adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP
cAMP acts as 2nd messenger, which allows glycogenolysis

42
Q

How is muscle contraction stimulated at a neuromuscular junction

A

An action potential at a neuromuscular junction causes voltage gated calcium ions to open

Vesicles move towards and fuse with presynaptic membrane

Ach diffuses across synaptic cleft through exocytosis

Ach binds to receptors on sodium channel proteins on skeletal muscle cell membrane

Na+ build up causes depolarisation

43
Q

Explain the role of Ca2+ in muscle contraction

A

Action potential moves through T-tubules in sarcoplasm, causing Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open

Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change to tropomyosin

This exposes binding sites on actin filaments so actinomyosin bridges form

44
Q

Outline the sliding filament model theory

A

Myosin head with ADP attached forms a cross bridge with actin

Power stroke: myosin head changes shape & loses ADP pulling actin over myosin

ATP attaches to myosin head, causing it to detach from actin

ATPase hydrolyses ATP to ADP + Pi, causing myosin head to return to original position

Myosin head re-attaches to actin further along filament

45
Q

How does sliding filament action cause a myofibril to shorten

A

Myosin heads flex in opposite directions, pulling actin filaments to pull towards each other

Distance between adjacent sarcomere Z lines shorten

Sliding filament action occurs multiple times

46
Q

Explain the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction

A

Phosphorylates ADP directly to ATP when oxygen for aerobic respiration is limited

47
Q

State the name and location of the 2 nodes involved in heart contraction

A

Sinoatrial node - walls of right atrium

Atrioventricular node - lower end of right atrium

48
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors send more impulses to the medulla oblongata

More impulses to SAN via the parasympathetic nervous system

Stimulates the release of Ach, which decreases heart rate

49
Q

How does the body respond to an decrease in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors send more impulses to the medulla oblongata

More impulses to SAN via the sympathetic nervous system

Stimulates the release of noradrenaline, which increases heart rate

50
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in CO2 concentration

A

Chemoreceptors detect a decrease in pH

And send impulses to the medulla oblongata

More impulses sent to the SAN via the sympathetic nervous system

Heart rate increases, increasing blood flow, rate of gas exchange and ventilation rate

51
Q

Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction

A

Synaptic cleft between a presynaptic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

52
Q

What is the role of glucose in muscle contraction

A

Used in respiration to release energy to produce ATP

Used for breaking cross bridges

Hydrolysed to ADP and Pi

Active transport of calcium ions

Biology (22 decks)

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