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Biology > Disease - 4 > Flashcards

Disease - 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the waxy cuticle act as a plant defence

A

physical barrier and no water collection on wax

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2
Q

How does the cell wall act as a plant defence

A

barrier and contains chemicals

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3
Q

How does callose act as a plant defence

A

Prevents pathogens entering cells

Can also block phloem sieve plates,
preventing spread of pathogen

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4
Q

What is callose

A

Polysaccharide deposited between
cell walls and membranes when a
plant is infected

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5
Q

What are chemical plant defences

A

Antimicrobial chemicals which kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens - saponins

Chemicals toxic to vectors

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6
Q

What are primary defences

A

Prevent the entry of a pathogen into an organism

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7
Q

What are non-specific defences

A

Defences that will act on any type of pathogen

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8
Q

Examples of primary non-specific defences in animals

A

Skin
Blood clotting
Inflammation
Expulsive reflexes
Mucous membranes
Wound repair

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes
Phagocytes

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils

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11
Q

Features of neutrophils

A

Multi-lobed nucleus
Short lived and released in large numbers
Undertake phagocytosis

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12
Q

Features of macrophages

A

Made in bone marrow
Travel through blood
Undertake phagocytosis
Display antigens

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13
Q

Describe the process in phagocytosis

A

The phagocyte recognises the antigens on the surface of the pathogen

Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen by folding its membrane inwards

This forms a phagosome

Lysosomes then fuse with the phagosome (phagolysosome)

Lysosomes release enzymes (lysins) to digest the pathogen

Harmless products absorbed

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14
Q

What are opsonin’s

A

Proteins in the blood that attach to the surface of pathogens to aid
phagocytosis

They serve as a marker and ‘tag’ pathogens

Phagocytes have receptors for opsonins and bind to them, the phagocyte
then engulfs the pathogen

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15
Q

what are cytokines

A

Cytokines

Proteins in the blood that attract phagocytes via cell signalling

Phagocytes that have engulfed a pathogen produce cytokines

When other phagocytes pick up the cytokine signal it informs them the
organism is under attack and phagocytes move to the site of infection

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16
Q

Features of the specific immune response

A

attack a specific pathogen
Much slower at first
Faster on second infections
More effective

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17
Q

What are antigens

A

Usually proteins or glycoproteins
Have a specific shape
Foreign antigens trigger immune response

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18
Q

What are antibodies

A

Y shaped proteins produced by B plasma cells
Have a complimentary shape

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells

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20
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

Two heavy polypeptide chains
Two light polypeptide chains
Variable region
Antigen binding sites
constant region
Hinge region

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21
Q

How are the polypeptide chains held together

A

By disulphide bridges

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22
Q

What is the function of the variable region

A

Varies between antibodies
specific to an antigen

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23
Q

What is the function of the antigen binding site

A

complementary shape
to a specific antigen

two of these

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24
Q

What is the function of the constant region

A

Allows phagocytes to attach to antibody for phagocytosis
Same in all antibodies

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25
Q

What is the function of the hinge region

A

Allows flexibility if binding to more than one antigen

26
Q

What are the three types of antibodies

A

agglutinins
Opsonins
Antitoxins

27
Q

What are agglutinins

A

Antibodies which stick pathogens together (via the antigens)

This hampers mobility of pathogens and allows phagocytes to engulf a larger number of pathogens

28
Q

What are opsonins

A

Bind to antigens via the antigen-binding site

Bind to the phagocytes via the constant region

Makes it easier for phagocytes to find and engulf pathogens

29
Q

What are antitoxins

A

Binds to toxins produced by pathogens to make them harmless

30
Q

What is clonal selection

A

Each type of cell has a different function

The selection of the correct T and B lymphocytes for the immune response is known as clonal selection

These lymphocytes must increase in number to become effective

They divide by mitosis in a process called clonal expansion

31
Q

What are the 4 types of T lymphocytes

A

T helper
T killer
T regulator
T memory

32
Q

What is the function of T helper cells

A

Release interleukins which allow:
B cells to differentiate
Production of other T cells
Macrophages to ingest pathogens

33
Q

What is the function of T killer cells

A

Attack and destroy infected body cells using a chemical called
perforin to pierce the cell membrane and then secreting cytotoxins into the cell

34
Q

What is the function of T regulator cells

A

Shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been removed

35
Q

What is the function of T memory cells

A

Involved in immunological response
Remain in the body for years
Involved in secondary response
produces more T cells

36
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes

A

Plasma cells
Memory cells

37
Q

What is the function of plasma cells

A

Manufacture and release antibodies very quickly

38
Q

What is the function of memory cells

A

Remain in the body for years and acts as immunological memory, respond very quickly to secondary responses

39
Q

What is active immunity

A

When your immune system is activated and you make antibodies and memory cells

40
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Provided by antibodies not made in your system

41
Q

What is natural immunity

A

Gained normally with no help

42
Q

What is artificial immunity

A

Is gained by deliberate exposure to antigens or antibodies

43
Q

What are vaccinations

A

A deliberate exposure to antigenic material
activates the immune system to make an immune response and provide immunity

44
Q

What are the 4 types of drugs and medicines

A

Antibiotics
Anti-virals
Antiseptics
Painkillers

45
Q

What plant is digitalis made from

A

Foxgloves

46
Q

What plant is aspirin made from

A

Willow

47
Q

Why is biodiversity important in drug production

A

Most drugs are derived from plants
Without good biodiversity, we lose some of these derivatives for important new medicine

48
Q

What is personalised medicine

A

Genomes of individuals can be sequenced
Medicines can be produced that are more effective to a persons DNA

49
Q

What is synthetic medicine

A

Biologists can now make artificial proteins, enzymes, cells and microorganisms

50
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

51
Q

What is a disease

A

A condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

52
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

A disease that can spread between organisms

53
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protoctista
Viruses

54
Q

Describe the features of Fungi

A

Multicellular or unicellular
Chitin cell wall
Network of fibres called hyphae

55
Q

Describe the features of viruses

A

Parasites
Much smaller than bacteria
None living
Reproduce inside other cells
made of genetic material

56
Q

Describe the features of proctists

A

Single celled
Eukaryotic
Some features of plant and animal cells

57
Q

What are 3 examples of bacterial diseases

A

TB
Bacterial meningitis
Ring rot

58
Q

What are 2 examples of viral diseases

A

HIV
Influenza

59
Q

What are 2 examples of protoctisal diseases

A

Malaria
Late blight

60
Q

What are 3 examples of fungal diseases

A

Black sigatoka
Ring worm
Athletes foot

Biology (22 decks)

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