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Biology > Biological molecules - 2 > Flashcards

Biological molecules - 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do carbohydrates consist of?

A

C, H, O

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2
Q

What do Lipids consist of?

A

C, H, O

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3
Q

What do proteins consist of?

A

C, H, O, N, S

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4
Q

What do Nucleic acids consist of?

A

C, H, O, N, P

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5
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in an
organism.

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6
Q

What are anabolic reactions

A

Building larger molecules from smaller ones

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7
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Breaking larger molecules into smaller ones

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8
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A monomer is a single molecule
Many monomers make a polymer

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9
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A
  • a water molecule is released
  • A new covalent bond is formed
  • A larger molecule is formed
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10
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A
  • a water molecule is used
  • A covalent bond is broken
  • Smaller molecules are formed
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11
Q

What are the properties of water that make it special?

A
  • High specific heat capacity
  • High latent heat of evaporation
  • hydrogen bonds makes ice form a lattice
  • Effective solvent
  • Cohesion
  • Adhesion
  • Surface tension
  • Transparent
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12
Q

Why is a high latent heat of evaporation useful

A

Evaporation is an efficient cooling mechanism

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13
Q

Why is a high specific heat capacity useful

A

Thermally stable environment for aquatic organisms

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14
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds useful in water

A

Hydrogen bonds make the ice form a lattice when it
solidifies (expands)

Ice is less dense than water = it floats

Water beneath ice is insulated

Aquatic organisms under the ice do not freeze / can still
swim

Provides a habitat

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15
Q

Why is water an effective solvent

A

Medium for enzyme controlled reactions

Nitrates etc can be taken up by plants through their roots

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16
Q

Why is adhesion and cohesion useful

A

Eg cohesion of water molecules helps transpiration stream

Eg adhesion of water to lignin in xylem

17
Q

Why is surface tension important

A

Provides a habitat for invertebrates

18
Q

Why is water being transparent useful?

A

Allows underwater plants to photosynthesis

19
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Energy source
  • Energy store
  • Structure
  • Form parts of larger molecules
20
Q

What are monosaccharides and give examples?

A
  • Simple sugars
  • E.G glucose, fructose and ribose
21
Q

What are disaccharides and give examples?

A
  • These are double sugars formed from two monosaccharides
  • E.G maltose, sucrose, lactose
22
Q

What are polysaccharides and give examples?

A
  • These are large molecules formed
    from many monosaccharides
  • E.G. starch, glycogen,
    cellulose
23
Q

What are the 3 types of monosaccharides

A
  • Triose
  • Pentose
  • Hexose
24
Q

What are the two structural isomers of glucose

A
  • Alpha glucose and beta glucose
25
Q

What are three differences between amylose and amylopectin

A
  • Amylopectin has side branches whereas amylose doesn’t
  • Amylopectin has 1-6 glycosidic bonds where as amylose only has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • Amylose is soluble where as amylopectin isn’t
26
Q

Why is glycogen a good storage molecule

A
  • Densely packed so more ATP molecules can be stored closely together
  • Has many side branches which allow efficient release of energy
  • It is insoluble so it cannot dissolve and affect water potential within cells
27
Q

Which glucose is found in cellulose?

A

beta glucose

28
Q

What are 3 examples of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Cholesterol
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids
29
Q

What is the difference between a fat and an oil?

A

Fats are solid at room temperature where as lipids are liquid at room temperature

30
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • Energy source
  • Energy store
  • Biological membranes
  • Insulation
  • Buoyancy
  • Protection
  • Waterproofing
31
Q

What makes up triglycerides?

A

Glycerol and three fatty acid tails

32
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?

A

If it contains a C=C double carbon bond

33
Q

What bond forms between the glycerol and the fatty acids?

A

An ester bond

34
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol

A
  • 4 Carbon rings
  • Small, narrow molecule
  • Hydrophobic
35
Q

What is the difference between the structure of a phospholipid and a triglyceride?

A
  • Triglycerides have 3 fatty acid tails where as phospholipids only have 2
  • Phospholipids have a phosphate group attached to the glycerol head where as triglycerides don’t
  • Triglycerides have a hydrophobic head where as phospholipids have a hydrophilic

Biology (22 decks)

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