Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Revision > Homeostasis & Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis & Response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fight or flight response:
What are the 2 changes in a human body caused by adrenaline?

A

Increased oxygen to muscles and brain.
Increased glucose to muscles and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the hypothalamus and which 2 things does it detect?

A

Part of the brain that detects changes in blood temperature/ water concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false: Adrenaline is controlled by negative feedback.

A

False.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream stimulate the _______________ to release ______,

causing the ___________________ to release ______ to stimulate the thyroid gland into releasing ___________________.

So blood levels return to __________.

A

hypothalamus
TRH

pituitary gland
TSH

more thyroxine

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal thyroxine levels in the bloodstream ___________________ from the ___________________.

This inhibits the release of _______ from the __________________, so normal blood levels are maintained.

A

inhibit TRH release
hypothalamus

TSH
pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain how the body regulates the amount of thyroxine that is produced if the body is not stressed or cold. (Negative feedback) (2)

Once a certain amount of thyroxine is produced,
thyroxine __________ the __________________ from _____________ the thyroid gland,
so _______ thyroxine is produced.

A

inhibits
pituitary gland
stimulating

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cold weather stimulates the __________________,
which stimulates the ________________ to produce more ______________.

The increase of thyroxine raises the _____________________.

Which increases ______________________, and then increases ____________________.

A

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thyroxine

basal metabolic rate

rate of respiration
body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain how stressful situations can cause people to gain weight. (3)

There is less _______________ of thyroid gland, so ________________ is produced.

So basal metabolic rate ________________.

Therefore reduced __________________, so more ______________________.

A

stimulation
less thyroxine

decreases

respiration rate
food is stored as fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment for optimum conditions for cell function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The kidneys regulate ___________________.
The skin regulates _____________.
The liver and pancreas regulate ______________.

A

water and mineral ion concentration.
body temperature.
blood-glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the body carry out homeostasis for body temperature?

A

Get rid of excess heat when hot.
Retain heat when cold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 examples of coordination centres?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or false: The endocrine system detects our surroundings and responds to stimuli.

A

False. The nervous system detects our surroundings and responds to stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Communication:
The nervous system uses ________________.
The endocrine system uses ________________.

A

electrical impulses
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A hormone is a ___________________.
That produces a ____________________.

A

chemical messenger
chemical change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The endocrine system is made up of _________________ that secrete ______________________.

A

endocrine glands
hormones directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In nervous control, the effectors are ________________________.

In hormonal control, effectors are ________________________.

A

muscles or glands

target cells in specific tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The nervous system is ______ acting.
The endocrine system is _____ acting.

A

fast
slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)?

A

Controlling the water content of blood in the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

The pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is it important to maintain the right blood-glucose concentration?

Because cells need glucose for _________, and blood glucose concentration affects the _______________________.

A

energy
blood’s water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is it important to keep your internal environment constant?

A

Because it is vital for cells to function normally and stop them from being damaged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is it important to maintain core body temperature and blood pH?

Because body temperature and pH affect ___________________, and enzymes affect the _______________________________.

A

enzyme activity
rate of metabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why does the rate of metabolic reactions increase when temperature increases?

A

Because more heat means more kinetic energy,
so the molecules move faster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the order of a control system?

A
  1. Receptor.
  2. Coordination centre.
  3. Effector
26
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

27
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Neurons that carry information to and from the central nervous system.

28
Q

What is the function of an effector?

A

To produce a response.

29
Q

What are 2 examples of effectors?

A

Muscle and glands.

30
Q

A bundle of neurones is called a __________.

A

nerve

31
Q

What are the functions of receptors in the skin?

A

They detect stimuli and convert the information into impulses.

32
Q

Receptors stimulate _________________ in response to stimuli.

A

electrical impulses

33
Q

What are the adaptations of neurones?

A

Long axon
Branching dendrites
Myelin sheath

34
Q

What are the functions of the adaptations of the neurones:
long axon,
branching dendrites
and myelin sheath?

A

Long axon- To carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.

Branching dendrites- To communicate with other neurones.

Myelin sheath- To speed up and insulate the electrical impulses.

35
Q

A car driver sees a traffic light went red, describe the action of the nervous system: (4 marks)

______________ are receptors to the stimulus: the red light.
An electrical impulse is sent to the _____. ( The coordination centre).
The brain sends an electrical impulse to the effectors: ___________.
The foot muscles produce a response by the muscles moving to __________.

A

Retinal cells in the eye
brain
the foot muscles
put on break

36
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptor sites.

37
Q

An _________________ travels along the __________________.
Triggering the nerve-ending of the neurone to release ______________________.

These chemicals _________________________ and bind with the __________________ on the second neurone.

The receptor site only binds to __________ neurotransmitters released from the first neurone.

Stimulating the second neurone to __________________________.

A

electrical impulse
first axon
neurotransmitters

diffuse across the synapse
receptor site

specific

transmit an electrical impulse

38
Q

What is the difference between a reflex action and a voluntary action?

A

In a reflex action, instead of a coordination centre a relay neuron receives and processes information.

39
Q

What is the sequence of a reflex action?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Response

40
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A nerve pathway followed by a reflex action.

41
Q

A car driver automatically brakes if a child dashes out into the road. This is a _______ action.

A

reflex

42
Q

How can an anatoxin lead to death? (3 marks)

If the anatoxin ___________________ it triggers an ____________ in the neurone.

If the anatoxin remains bound, the neurone will _____________________ to the muscle.

If it affects the ______________, it will ________________________, leading to the stop of breathing.

A

binds to the receptor
impulse

continually send impulses

diaphragm
continually contract

43
Q

If the glucose level is too high, the brain stimulates the pancreas to __________.
Insulin stimulates the liver to convert ________________.
Glycogen is ______ in the _____.

A

release insulin
glucose into glycogen
stored
liver

44
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Converts glucose into glycogen for storage to lower blood-glucose levels.

45
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin.

46
Q

How can people with Type 1 Diabetes control their blood glucose levels?

  1. Eating foods that will not cause ________________________________.
  2. Exercising because it increases the rate of __________________________.
A

large increases in blood glucose levels

respiration in the muscles

47
Q

_______________ happens when the the glucose level is too low.
The brain stimulates the pancreas to release _________.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert __________________.
So glucose can be released into the ____________.

A

Negative feedback
glucagon
glycogen back to glucose
bloodstream

48
Q

A woman has an artificial pancreas. Describe what happens to bring the blood glucose levels to normal:
(4 marks)
The rise in blood glucose levels is ___________________.
Information is used to _________ how much ________ she is going to need to bring her blood glucose levels back to normal.
_________ insulin to the blood.
Causing glucose to _____________.

A

detected by the sensor
calculate
insulin
A pump delivers
move into cells

49
Q

How do some diabetics change insulin levels?

A

Before a large meal, glucose levels increase.
While undertaking exercise, glucose levels decrease.

50
Q

What happens on days 1-4 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation. The uterus lining breaks down.

51
Q

What happens on days 5-13 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining is repaired.

52
Q

What happens on day 14 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation. An egg is released from the follicle.

53
Q

What happens on days 15-28 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining is maintained.

54
Q

What is the function of FSH and the gland it is released from?

A

FSH is released from the pituitary gland, it matures the egg inside of the follicle.
It stimulates the release of oestrogen.

55
Q

What is the function of Oestrogen and the gland it is released from?

A

Oestrogen is released from the ovaries.
Oestrogen repairs the uterus lining and stimulates LH.

56
Q

What is the function of LH and the gland it is released from?

A

LH is released from the pituitary gland.
It causes ovulation.
And stimulates progesterone.

57
Q

What is the function of Progesterone and the gland it is released from?

A

Progesterone is released from the ovaries.
It maintains the uterus lining.
And inhibits FSH and LH.

58
Q

Describe how the mature eggs are used in IVF treatment so that the woman may become pregnant
(3 marks)

Eggs are ___________.
To form ____________.
Then the embryo is ___________ into the mother’s _________.

A

fertilised
embryos
inserted
uterus

59
Q

Which 2 hormones do female oral contraceptive pills contain and why?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen to inhibit FSH and LH so the egg does not mature and is not released from the follicle.

60
Q

What is the order of stages during IVF treatment?

A
  1. Stimulate follicles.
  2. Extract eggs from ovaries.
  3. Collect sperm.
  4. In vitro fertilisation.
  5. Implantation.
61
Q

What 2 hormones is the mother given during IVF treatment?

A

FSH and LH.

Biology Revision (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions