Homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
Adrenaline
A
Hormone for fight or flight, made in adrenal glands.
2
Q
Anabolic steroid
A
Hormone drug used to increase muscle mass (legal).
3
Q
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
Chemical messenger to instruct kidney tubules to be more permeable and so absorb more water.
4
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain and spinal cord, where reflexes and actions are coordinated.
5
Q
Cerebellum
A
Area at back of brain, for muscle coordination.
6
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Outer layer of brain for intelligence, memory, language, conscious thought.
7
Q
Contraceptive
A
Method of preventing pregnancy.
8
Q
Coordination centre
A
Organ that takes information from receptor cells and sends a response from the effectors.
9
Q
Dialysis fluid
A
Liquid to replace blood plasma, same concentrations of glucose and ions - see kidney dialysis.
10
Q
Effector
A
Either a muscle or gland which responds to nervous impulses.
11
Q
Efficacy
A
Useful outcome.
12
Q
Ethene
A
Gas made by plants that stimulates ripening, e.g. bananas.
13
Q
Geotropism
A
Growth of a plant in response to gravity, also known as gravitropism.
14
Q
Gibberellin
A
Plant hormone that stimulates seed germination, flowering and stem growth.
15
Q
Gland
A
Place where hormones are produced and secreted from.
16
Q
Glucagon
A
Hormone made by pancreas when glucose levels low, makes glycogen convert to glucose in blood.
17
Q
Glycogen
A
Molecule that stores glucose in liver and muscle cells.
18
Q
Hon
A
See gravitropism.
19
Q
Hormone
A
Chemical messenger which travels in the blood to activate target cells.
20
Q
Hyperopia
A
Long-sighted vision.
21
Q
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVE)
A
Artificial fertilisation of eggs in the lab, ‘test tube babies’.
22
Q
Insulin
A
Hormone made by pancreas when glucose levels high, instructs body cells to take up more glucose from the blood.
23
Q
Kidney
A
Organ that controls water and ion levels, removes waste products via urine.
24
Q
Kidney dialysis
A
Artificial method of filtering blood to remove waste products (see dialysis fluid).
25
Kidney transplant
Replacement of diseased organ with healthy organ from donor.
26
Limiting factor
Stops a reaction from going too fast.
27
Liver
Organ with many functions including storing glucose as glycogen, makes bile.
28
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Hormone made by pituitary gland, stimulates egg release in menstrual cycle.
29
Medulla
Area where brain meets spinal cord, controls autonomic, involuntary functions such as breathing.
30
Motor neurone
Nerve cell, carries electrical impulses from central nervous system to effectors.
31
Muscle fatigue
Tiredness, loss of efficiency in muscle cells.
32
Myopia
Short-sighted vision.
33
Nervous system
Organ system in animals that allows them to respond to changes in their environment.
34
Neurone
Nerve cell, transmits information around the body, to and from the central nervous system.
35
Oestrogen
Hormone made by ovaries, inhibits release of FSH during menstrual cycle, found in some oral contraceptives.
36
Ovary
Organ which stores and releases eggs in female, releases hormone oestrogen.
37
Phototropism
Growth of a plant in response to light.
38
Pituitary gland
Gland located in brain, responsible for secreting hormones including FSH and LH.
39
Progesterone
Hormone produced by ovaries, involved in menstrual cycle, found in some oral contraceptives.
40
Receptor
Group of cells sensitive to a stimulus, e.g. light receptor cells in eye are sensitive to light.
41
Reflex
Fast, automatic response to a stimulus.
42
Selective weedkiller
Weedkiller that contains plant hormones, kills weeds (unwanted plants), without affecting growth of crops.
43
Stimulus
A change in the environment.
44
Sensory neurone
Nerve cell, carries electrical impulses from receptors in sense organs to central nervous system.
45
Synapse
Connection between two neurones.
46
Target cell
Particular cell in a particular place which is affected by a hormone.
47
Testosterone
Hormone made by testes for reproduction.
48
Thermoregulatory centre
Part of brain, controls body temperature.
49
Thyroxine
Hormone made by thyroid gland in neck, controls metabolism and production of proteins.
50
Urea
Waste product from liver, breakdown of amino acids.
51
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels to skin.
52
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels to skin.
53
What enables humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour?
The nervous system
## Footnote
The nervous system is crucial for processing sensory information and initiating responses.
54
How is information sent through the nervous system?
As electrical impulses
## Footnote
These impulses are crucial for communication between different parts of the body.
55
What are electrical signals that pass along nerve cells known as?
Neurones
## Footnote
Neurones are the fundamental units of the nervous system.
56
What is a bundle of neurones called?
A nerve
## Footnote
Nerves serve as pathways for transmitting signals throughout the body.
57
What is detected by a receptor in the skin?
The pin (the stimulus)
## Footnote
This refers to the initial detection of a stimulus such as pain, pressure, or touch.
58
What type of neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord?
A sensory neurone
## Footnote
Sensory neurones are responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system.
59
What is the role of the spinal cord in the reflex arc?
The coordinator
## Footnote
The spinal cord processes the incoming sensory information and coordinates the response.
60
What happens to the electrical impulse in the spinal cord?
It is passed to a relay neurone
## Footnote
Relay neurones connect sensory and motor neurones within the spinal cord.
61
What does a relay neurone do?
It synapses with a motor neurone
## Footnote
This connection allows the transmission of the impulse from the relay neurone to the motor neurone.
62
What type of neurone carries an impulse to a muscle in the leg?
A motor neurone
## Footnote
Motor neurones are responsible for conveying signals to muscles to induce movement.
63
What is the effector in this reflex action?
The muscle in the leg
## Footnote
Effectors are the components that produce a response to the stimulus.
64
What is the response when the muscle is stimulated by the motor neurone?
The muscle will contract and pull the foot up and away from the sharp object
## Footnote
This contraction is a protective reflex response to avoid injury.
65
What is a synapse?
A synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
66
What happens when an electrical impulse arrives at the end of the axon on the presynaptic neurone?
Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released from vesicles.
67
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and bind with receptor molecules on the postsynaptic membrane.
68
What occurs after neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic membrane?
The second neurone is stimulated to generate an electrical impulse that travels down the second axon.
69
What happens to neurotransmitters after they have acted on the postsynaptic neurone?
They are destroyed or recycled to prevent continued stimulation of the second neurone.
70
Why do synapses ensure that impulses only travel in one direction?
To avoid confusion within the nervous system if impulses were travelling in both directions.
71
What type of messages are transmitted at synapses?
Chemical messages, as opposed to electrical messages.
72
Where can drugs act to affect the nervous system?
At synapses, where neurotransmitters are released.
73
True or False: Synapses allow electrical impulses to travel in both directions.
False
74
Fill in the blank: The neurotransmitters diffuse across the _______ gap.
synaptic
75
What is an example of a drug that works at the synapse?
Heroin
76
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer of the brain divided into two hemispheres responsible for higher-order processes such as intelligence, memory, consciousness, and personality.
## Footnote
The cerebral cortex is highly folded, increasing its surface area for processing information.
77
What functions does the cerebellum perform?
Responsible for balance, muscle coordination, and movement.
## Footnote
The cerebellum is located underneath the cerebral cortex.
78
What does the medulla control?
Unconscious activities such as heart rate and breathing.
## Footnote
The medulla is a vital part of the brainstem.
79
Fill in the blank: The cerebral cortex is responsible for _______.
[higher-order processes such as intelligence, memory, consciousness, and personality]
80
True or False: The cerebellum is responsible for higher-order cognitive functions.
False
## Footnote
The cerebellum primarily handles balance and coordination.
81
What are the two main functions of the medulla?
* Controls heart rate
* Controls breathing
## Footnote
The medulla operates autonomously, without conscious control.
82
True or False: The cerebral cortex is smooth and unmarked.
False
## Footnote
The cerebral cortex is highly folded to increase its surface area.
83
Why is our understanding of the brain limited?
The brain is complex and different regions can’t be studied in isolation
## Footnote
This complexity makes it challenging to draw conclusions about brain function.
84
What challenges arise from our limited understanding of the brain?
Treating brain damage and disease is very difficult
## Footnote
This difficulty is exacerbated by the risks of further damage from treatments.
85
What are potential consequences of accidental brain damage?
Speech or motor issues, changes to personality which are permanent
## Footnote
These changes can significantly affect a person's quality of life.
86
True or False: Any potential treatment for brain issues carries risks of further damage.
True
## Footnote
This risk complicates the treatment process.
87
What can tiny electrodes pushed into different parts of the brain do?
Stimulate these regions and the effects can be observed
## Footnote
This technique allows researchers to understand the functions of specific brain areas.
88
What happens when a region in the medulla responsible for movement is stimulated?
The movement caused can be observed
## Footnote
This demonstrates the direct relationship between brain stimulation and physical movement.
89
What are MRI scanners used for?
To study the brain and other regions of the body using magnetic fields
## Footnote
MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
90
How do MRI scanners work?
They use the effect of magnetic fields on protons in the water molecules of the body
## Footnote
This process allows for detailed imaging of internal structures.
91
What can functional MRIs produce images of?
Different regions of the brain that are active during different activities
## Footnote
Activities include listening to music or recalling a memory.
92
What do functional MRIs detect to indicate brain activity?
Changes in blood flow
## Footnote
More active regions of the brain have increased blood flow.
