History test 3 Flashcards
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The First through Eighth Amendments dealt with individual liberties, and the ninth and tenth concerned the boundary between federal and state authority
Report on Public Credit
Hamilton’s January 1790 report recommending that the national debt be funded-but not repaid immediately-at full value. Hamilton’s goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt fee. Critics of his plan complained that it would benefit speculators
Whiskey Rebellion
July 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of unpopular excise tax on whiskey. The federal government responded with a military presence that caused dissidents to disperse before blood was shed
Treaty of Greenville
1795 treaty between the United States and various Indians tribes in Ohio. The United States gave the tribes treaty goods valued at 25,000. In exchange, the Indians ceded most of Ohio to the Americans. The treaty only brought temporary peace to the region
Jay Treaty
1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. It secured limited trading right in the West Indies but failed to ensure timely removal of British forces from western forts and reimbursement for slaves removed by the British after the Revolution
Haitian Revolution
1791-1804 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent, black-run country. The Haitian Revolution fueled fears of slave insurrections in the US
Federalists
Originally the term for the supporters of the ratification of the U.S. constitution in the 1788s. In the 1790s it became the name for one of the two dominant political groups that emerged during that decade. Federalist leaders of the 1790s supported Britain in foreign policy and commercial interest at home. Prominent Federalist included George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams.
Republicans
One of the two dominant political groups that emerged in the 1790s. Republicans supported the revolutionaries in France and worried about monarchical Federalists at home. Prominent Republicans included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
XYZ affair
1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war with France, known as the Quasi-War, which intensified antagonism between the federalists and republicans.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Basically the government said that you could not write anything that talked poorly upon them
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
1798 resolution condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts submitted the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them.
Tecumseh
Shawnee Chief. He died in the battle of Thames in the war of 1812
George Washington
Known for always trying to establish integrity and satisfy the needs of all people
Alexander Hamilton
He was the very first US treasurer. People wanted him to lower the National debt, but he wanted to make the nation credit worthy. He also wanted to make a second bank where 80 percent of the stock came from private investors while 20 percent came from federal government
Bill of rights
James Madison was considered the Founding father of the Bill of rights. They were the first ten amendments. Some people felt certain issues were left out
Marbury v Madison
1803 Supreme Court case that established the concept of judicial review in finding that parts of Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. The supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States and opened the way for future American expansion west. France gave it to us for 15 million and allies. They needed both money and allies as they were entering a war with Britain
Lewis and Clark expedition
1804-1806 expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that explored the trans-Mississippi West for the U.S government. The expedition’s mission was scientific, political, and geographic. They made good relations with several Indians as well.
Impressment
A British naval practice of seizing sailors on American ships under the claim they were deserters from the British navy. 2500 sailors were taken into service. It helped declare war on Britain
Embargo Act of 1807
act of congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grace hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce.
Battle of Tippecanoe
An attack on Shawnee Indians at prophetstown on the Tippecone RIver in 1811 by Indians William Henry Harrison. The Prophet Tenskwatawa fled with his followers. His brother Tecumseh really wanted to go to war with the US after this
War Hawks
Young Men who just got elected to congress and were eager for war against Britain to end impressments, fight Indians, and expand into British territory. Leaders included Henry Clay (Kentucky) John Calhoun (South Carolina)
Creek War
Park of the War of 1812 involving the Creek nation in Mississippi Territory and the Tennessee militiamen. General Andrew Jackson’s forces gained victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, forcing the creeks to sign away much of their land. This was the uprising of the Creek Indians after Tecumseh (their ally) was killed in the battle of Thames
Battle of New Orleans
The final battle in the War of 1812 which was fought and won by Andrew Jackson and his militiamen against the much larger British army in New Orleans. The battle didn’t even matter because the peace treaty had already been signed
Hartford Convention
A secret meeting of New England Federalist politicians held in late 1814 to discuss constitutional changes to reduce the South’s political power and thus help block policies that injured northern commercial interests
feme covert
Legal doctrine grounded in British common law that held that a wife’s civic life was subsumed by her husband’s. Married women lacked independence to own property, make contracts, or keep wages earned. The doctrine shaped women’s status in the early Republic
Missouri Compromise
1820 congressional compromise engineered by Henry Clay that paired Missouri’s entrance into the Union as a slave state with Maine’s as a free state. It established Missouri’s southern border as the permanent line dividing slave from free states
Erie Canal
Canal finished in 1825 covering 350 miles between Albany and Buffalo and linking the port of New York City with the entire Great Lakes region. This is the reason New York City is the country’s premier commercial city
Lowell Mills
Water-powered textile mills constructed along the Merrimack River in Lowell Massachusets. This employed more than 5000 young women living in boardinghouses under supervision
Whigs
Political party that evolved out of the National Republicans after 1834. With a Northeast power base, the Whigs supported federal action to promote commercial development and generally looked favorably on the reform movements associated with the Second Great Awakening
Democrats
Political Party that evolved out of the Democratic Republicans after 1834 strongest in the South and West, the democrats embraced Andrew Jacksons vision of limited government, expanded political participation fro white men, and the promotion of an ethic of individualism
Trail of Tears
Forced westward journey of Cherokees from their land in Georgia to present-day Oklahoma in 1838. Despite favorable legal action, the Cherokees endured a grueling 1200 mile march overseen by federal troops. Nearly a quarter of the Cherokees died en route
nullification
Theory asserting that states could nullify acts of Congress that exceeded congressional powers. South Carolina advanced the theory of nullification in 1828 in response to an unfavorable federal tariff. A show of force by Andrew Jackson, combined with tariff revisions, ended with the crisis
Second Great Awakening
Unprecedented religious revival in the 1820s and 1830s that promised access to salvation. The second Great Awakening proved to be a major impetus for reform movements of the era, inspiring efforts to combat drinking, sexual, sin, and slavery
American Temperance Society
Organization founded by Lyman Beecher that linked drinking with poverty, family violence, ill heath, etc. He lectured around the country gaining convert to the cause. the temperance movement ahd considerable success, and contributed to a sharp drop in the American alcohol consumption.
