History Of Funeral Directing & Embalming Flashcards
Wake
Originated as in ancient Hebrew practice, family and friends, sit with the deceased as a precaution against premature burial; continued as an act of piety in Middle Ages (vigil for the dead)
University mortuary, science, education association
Organization of college and university based funeral service programs established in 1961
Undertakers mutual protective association
First formal organization of undertakers; kept a black book of object, able and delinquent customers to be shared among members only; originated in Philadelphia, January 1864
Undertaker’s buggy
Name given to the vehicle, used by undertakers to transport the necessary mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where funerals were typically held. These vehicles sometimes had an appearance similar to a hearse, but we’re much less ornate.
Undertaker
Original term applied to those who is occupation included responsibility to organize and facilitate funeral activities
- used by some for the term funeral Director
Trocar
Long hollow tube patented in 1868 by Simi, Rogers of Philadelphia semicolon used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess fluids
Trade Embalmer
Term originated with some of the original graduates of early embalming horses gave up regular employment with a single firm to provide information services to firms, which had no trained embalmer
Style ‘E’ State Coffin
Casket designed for president, Ulysses, S Grant, by Stein Coffin Co. In 1885, which helped elevate acceptance of cloth covered caskets.
Soul shot
Mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the descendants soul into heaven
Sexton
Church caretaker, who had responsibility for church property, ringing of bills, and digging of graves in the church yard cemetery
Selected Independent funeral homes (SIFH)
A limited, invitation only membership funeral service organization formed in 1917 on the basis of one member firm per city (formerly national selected morticians)
Sarcophagus
Early Egyptians cut massive coffins from a single mass of stone to protect from grave robbers.
Same term is applied today to mass of copper and bronze caskets.
- Greek word, “Sarco=flesh,
-Phagus= to eat; when opened, bodies inside, were found decaying
Restorative art
Care of the deceased to re-create natural form and color
- Father of restorative Art: John Crandall; New York City developed in 1912
Purgatorial doctrine
Catholic belief that those who souls are not perfectly cleansed, undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven
Professional mourners
Due to the fear, that the dead might be jealous, the ancient Romans and Greeks hired persons often women to shriek, tear their hair and Rand garments, etc. in order to ensure adequate display emotion
Pollinctores
Name of the ancient Roman embalmers. They were either slaves or employees of Libitinarius
Pagan
Follower of a polytheistic religion
Osiris
Egyptian god of the underworld in judge of the dead
Ogee Design
A design introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and wait, particularly of metal caskets; characterized by an S shaped curvature; an S shaped molding that is a component part of the casket cap
Obsequies
Funeral rites or burial ceremonies
Necropolis
Means city of the dead
Ceremonies located on the West Bank of the Nile river, they included mortuary temples in residences of mortuary workers
Natron
A combination of salt found in dry lake, bed of the desert and used by early Egyptians in preparation of bodies. Deceased covered in the product (sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, potassium nitrate) we’re dehydrated, does preventing decay
National funeral directors in morticians association
Organized in 1924 as the independent national funeral directors association present name adapted in 1957; established to represent specific interest of African-American funeral directors
National funeral directors association (NFDA)
The oldest and largest national Association of funeral directors, and embalmers organize in 1882 that provides advocacy, education, information, products, programs, and services to help members enhance the quality of services to families
National concrete burial vault association
An organization of concrete burial, vault, manufactures, whose purpose is to provide a unified voice for the concrete, burial vault, industry, and to continually research and development, didn’t specify and promote minimum performance standards
National Association of colleges of mortuary science
Established in 1942 as an organization, for privately sponsored schools, with the goal of advancement of mortuary education
Mystery cults
Religious/philosophical belief of the ancient Greeks in Oriental East, emphasizing spiritual aspect of the after life, and the hope of joining the cold God in a wonderful existence in eternity
Monument builders of North America
An international trade association of persons in firms in the memorial industry
Mound burial
Ancient Viking custom; after deceased was placed in his boat with items necessary for the spirit to maintain the position held on earth, all was cremated, and the pyre, then covered with earth
Life signals
Due to the fear of premature burial, many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive
Libitinarius
Head undertaker in ancient Rome; the secular role of today’s funeral Director; conducted his business at the temple of Libitina, a where death were also registered
Libitina
The ancient Roman goddess of corpses and funerals
Leagues of prayer
Form in middle ages by laypersons to bury the dead in to pray, for the souls of the faithful departed
Layers out of the dead
Became an occupational specialty practiced by women in many larger US cities, by the end of the 18th century; predecessor to the undertaker
Jewish funeral directors of America (JFDA)
In association with you guys, aids and supports members in honoring the deceased and comforting the breathed by preserving, promoting and practicing the customs and traditions of the Jewish funeral
Inviter to funerals
A specialty connected with funerals in colonial America; called personally upon those expected to attend funerals; often a municipal appointment
International order of the golden rule (OGR)
An organization of independent, family owned funeral homes, established in 1928, whose mission is to build and support member interaction, information exchange and professional business development through a wide range of programs, services and resources; membership limited to one funeral home per community
International conference, a funeral service examining boards (The Conference/ ICFSEB)
International trade association, representing all segments of the cemetery, funeral service, cremation, and memeralization profession
Immediate burial
Disposition via earth burial without any form of funeral, right at the time of disposition with the body present
Hearse
A vehicles specially designed to transport casketed remains
- from French word “herse”
- originally a stationary framework of wood to hold candles and decorations placed on the coffin; hearse and bier were used interchangeably until mid 19th century (funeral coach)
Hand pump
Method to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism, historical event, resembling a large hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus, semicolon, used to create pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration
Gravity injector
Apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular/arterial phase of embalming; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver fluid
(.43 pounds of pressure per foot of elevation)
Furnishing undertaker
Provided supplies in merchandise, i.e. door, badges, carriages, etc. to funeral undertakers, who were dealing directly with the public
Funeral undertaker
Provided services of organizing and facilitating funeral details as an occupation a.k.a. undertaker
Funeral trolley car
Especially designed train car, run on a cities, trolley line to transport casket in Warners to cemeteries on the outskirts of the city
Funeral service foundation
A national organization which advances professionalism in funeral service, and enhances, public knowledge, and understanding through education and research
- formerly national foundation of funeral service
Funeral service Bureau of America
Promoted the study, and use of cost accounting methods to foster the business interest of its members in to help dispel the aura of mystery that was felt to exist in the public mind regarding the business of funeral directing
Funeral feast
In the middle ages, the week also served as a feast to welcome the principal heir to his new estate; for the ancient Greeks, funeral feasts ended the fast of the bereaved
Funeralis
Latin for torch, light procession; word funeral is derived from this
Fisk metallic coffin
Patented in 1848S formfitting; airtight metallic, coughing designed to improve ability to preserve the body; also had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face
Extramural burial
Burial outside the walls of the city; concept introduced during the ancient Roman times
Elysian Fields
The version of heaven in Greek mythology
Effigy
Life-sized, waxing re-creation of the deceased; often used at state funerals, because the body of the deceased should be present for the funeral, but could not be preserved for that length of time
Drummers
Traveling salesman who went from town to town selling their products. Early and bombers, often obtain their products in training in this manner.
Direct disposition
Disposition of human remains without any rights or ceremonies with the body present
Designator
Master of ceremonies in Director of the ancient Roman funeral procession
Crier
English custom of middle ages, which lasted until 19th century; person walked the street, calling out the name of the deceased and asking people to pray for the soul of the departed
Cremation
The reduction of a dead human body to an organic bone fragments by intense heat in a specifically designed retort or chamber; a heating process which incinerates human remains
Cremation association of North America
Found it in 1913
CANA is an international organization of Cemeterium’s, creationist, funeral directors, industry, suppliers, and consultants
- Was originally formed to promote cremation as a modern, safe, and hygienic way of dealing with a dead human body
Cortège
Historical term for funeral procession
Corpse cooler
Type of ice chest placed over the torso of the deceased, in order to slow down the process of decomposition prior to the funeral.
It was typically the undertaker’s responsibility to provide ice and change the ice when it melted
Cooling board
Portable table on which the desk deceased was placed in used in conjunction with the court schooler; later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased
Coffin
- from Greek word Kofinos
- utilitarian container designed to hold human remains, often anthropoidal in shape
Circle of necessity
Ancient Egyptian believe that the soul of the deceased would make a 3000 year journey and return to the body. I want to reunited the whole man would live with the gods. This belief created the need for embalming.
Chadwick’s report
A report published in 1843 on unsanitary conditions in London, created by intramural burials in the high cost of funerals; recommended use of a death certificate
Catholic cemetery conference
The oldest and largest catholic cemetery association serving Catholic cemeteries nationally and internationally
Catafalque
Raised platform with or without a canopy used for a body to lie in state
Catacombs
Originated in ancient Rome, as excavated cemeteries click out of soft rock for the tombs of wealthy Christians; later became a place for religious rites to avoid persecution
Casket and funeral supply association of America (CFSAA)
Represents the interest of funeral service suppliers; its members manufacture, and distribute virtually every type of product used by funeral directors
- Formerly casket manufactures association
Casket
- from French “casse” = jewel box
- A rigid container, which is designed for the encasement of human remains in which is usually constructed of wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic, or like material, and ornamented in line with fabric
- A case or receptacle in which human remains our place for protection, practical utility, and a suitable memory picture, any boxer container of one or more parts, in which a dead human body is placed prior to interment, in two minutes, for cremation, which may or may not be permanently interred, entombed or cremated with remains
Canopic Jars
Jars made of alabaster, limestone, basalt, Clay, and other materials used by the early Egyptians to store viscera of the deceased
Burial vault
Outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave; originally intended to prevent grave robbery
Burial in woolen act of 1666
Required that woolen cloth be substituted for linen in the shroud and lining of the coffin; was an attempt to shift the use of important, leaning to the expanding paper industry of England, and provide customers for the wool industry. Harry finds were associated for violation; not repealed until 1814
Burial club
Organizations intended to assist people of the working classes, particularly guild members, to defray do you have a Expenses of the Funeral in to perpetuate the memory of dead friends; the cost were shared by others via weekly collections; were the forerunners of industrial insurance
Burial case
Generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin were being offered
Bloodletting
Beliefs or practices of draining the quantity of light took your illness or disease
Bier
Forerunner of today’s hearse; a hand stretcher, on which the on coffin body was carried to the grave
Anubis
Egyptian god of embalming say to be a human form with the head of a jackal
Anthropoid
Human shaped; some early coffins were described as anthropoid shaped
Animistic view
Early Roman view of the afterlife, which emphasizes the soul as the vital principal. The soul at death Hubbard around the place of burial, and requires constant attention of the descendants to be happy. Neglect would bring evil upon them.
American monument association
A national trade association, representing the major granite and marble memorial manufactures and quarries throughout the United States
American Board of funeral service education
Organization with responsibility to a Credit Funeral service in mortuary science programs
Adaptive funeral
Funeral, right that is adjusted to the needs, and wants of those directly involve; altered to suit the trends of the times
