History Flashcards
What is genetic engineering?
Technology that allows you to;
isolate/characterise genes
produce and characterise proteins
alter the genetic makeup of an organism through new genes or loss of existing genes
When did scientists discover that DNA could be transferred between organisms?
1946
When did Cohen and Boyer pioneer DNA transfer and what was it pioneered in?
1972-1974 in bacterial systems
When was southern hybridisation made?
1975
When was DNA beginning to be sequenced?
1977-1980
When were transgenic animals beginning to be produced and what were they?
19080 where dominant oncogenes were inserted into mice
When were transgenic plants produced and what were they?
1983 where antibiotic-resistant tobacco was produced
When was PCR made?
1985
When was site-directed mutagenesis made and what does it do?
1985 and allows for mutations of codons
When was the first transgenic animal declared ‘safe to eat’ by the FDA?
2012 after a 17-year registration process
Describe RNA interference in maize
SmartStaxProMaize expressed dsRNA for enhanced resistance to insect pests
What is genome editing?
DNA is inserted, depleted, or replaced using engineered nucleases
Name 3 genome editing tools that use nucleases
Zing finger nucleases
Transcription activator-like effector based nucleases
CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9)
