Historical Period 4: Part 1 Flashcards
How were the reforms of this time period targetted towards white men?
They excluded American Indians, African Americans, and all women
How did a market economy emerge in the United States?
It emerged because people became less dependent on what they raised or made for themselves and more involved in buying and selling goods
What political groups emerged after President Washington’s term?
The Federalists (following Alexander Hamilton);
The Democratic-Republicans (following Thomas Jefferson)
How was Jefferson in his first four years as president?
His years were relatively free of discord;
He attempted to win over the Federalists by maintaining Hamilton’s financial plan;
He maintained the Democratic-Republicans’ interests by limiting the central government;
He also maintainted the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams
What was the most valuable region of the Louisiana Territory?
The port of New Orleans
What was the single most important achievement of Jefferson’s in his first administration?
The acquisition of the vast western lands known as the Louisiana Purchase
Why was Napoleon interested in selling the Lousiana Territory?
Because he wanted to concentrate French resources on fighting Great Britain;
And because France delt heavy losses due to the Haitian Revolution
What were the initial conflicts at the Mississippi River when American territory extended beyond Ohio and Kentucky and into the Indiana Territory?
Settlers were economically dependent on transportation of goods on rivers that flowed westward into the Mississippi and southward as far as New Orleans;
However, Spanish officials closed the port to the Americans, thus violating the Pinckney Treaty of 1795
How did Jefferson resolve the initial conflicts at the initial expansion of American territory?
By having American ministers strike up a deal with France to attain both New Orleans and a strip of land extending from that port eastward to Florida;
They ended up attaining the entirety of the Louisiana Territory
What was the issue with Jefferson purchasing foreign lands?
He was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and no where in the Constitution was a clause that explicitly stated that a president could purchase foreign land
What were the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase (in terms of politics)?
It strengthened Jefferson’s hopes that America would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers rather than Hamilton’s vision of ab urban and industrial society;
It also increased his popularity and portrayed the Federalists to be a weak party that was unable to do anything to the establishment of Democratic-Republican policies
What were the benefits of the Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1804-1806?
It granted greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region;
Stronger US claims to the Oregon Territory;
Better relations with American Indians;
More accurate maps and land orutes for fur traders and future settlers
What did Jefferson try to do with the Federalists judges in his court?
He tried to remove them from office but was unable to do so;
Even so, his impeachment compaign caused judges to be more cautious and less biased
Who was one Federalist who continued to have major influence throughout the years of Democratic-Republican ascendancy?
John Marshall;
Alexander Hamilton, one of the greatest Federalist leaders, was shot by Aaron Burr in a duel
What were some of Marshall’s most influential cases?
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)
Martin vs. Hunter’s Lease (1816)
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1821)
What happened in Marbury vs. Madison (1803)?
Marbury was one of the “midnight appointments” Adams did before leaving office, but their commissions were not formally delivered before Jefferson took office, so he wanted Madison not to deliver the commissions;
Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789, but he ultimately decided that determined that Marbury would not receive his commission because the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Court greater power than the Constitution allowed and was thus unconstitutional
What came from the Marbury vs. Madison trial (1803)?
The doctrine of judicial review;
The Supreme Court now had power to overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government if they were unconstitutional
What happened in the Fletcher vs. Peck trial (1810)?
Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract;
This was the first time the Supreme Court deemed a state law to the unconstitutional
What happened in the Martin vs. Hunter’s Lease Trial (1816)?
The Supreme Court established that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights
What happened in the Dartmouth College vs. Woodward trial (1819)?
The Marshall Court argued that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state;
Thus, Dartmouth College was changed into a privately chartered college
What happened in the McColluch vs Maryland trial (1819)?
Marshall argued that a state could not tax a federal instutition because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and ruled that the Constitution gave the federal government the implied power to create a national bank
What happened in the Cohens vs. Virginia trial (1821)?
It established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government
What happened in the Gibbons vs. Ogden trial (1821)?
Marshall established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce
What happened in the Election of 1808?
Madison was elected as President of the United States following the Jefferson administration
What party was James Monroe part of?
The Democratic-Republicans
When did Monroe become president?
1816
What was Monroe’s two terms in office described as?
“The Era of Good Feelings”
In relation to political parties, what happened during Monroe’s presidency?
The Federalists faded into oblivion;
The Democratic-Republlicans adopted some of their policies and continued to dominate politics
By what year did the Federalist Party practically vanish?
1820
Under Monroe, what grew because of the lack of political parties?
Nationalism
What was one notable effect of the War of 1812?
Support for the growth of the nation’s economy grew
What was the only section of the United States to oppose the first protective tariff in US history?
New England, which had little manufacturing at the time
Why was the protective tariff supported?
Because America, even the South and West believed that it was needed for national prosperity
What was Henry Clay’s American System, and what did it consist of?
A comprehensive method for advancing the nation’s economic growth;
It had three parts
1. protective tariffs
2. a national bank
3. internal improvements
How did Clay’s American System address America as a whole?
The tariffs would benefit the East, internal improvements would promote growth in the West and the South, and the bank would aid the economy of all sections
What was the Second Bank of the United States?
Continuation of the national bank (this bank was the one Clay’s system promoted);
The charter of the First Bank had been allowed to expire in 1811
Why wasn’t the internal improvements aspect of Clay’s American System implemented?
Because both Madison and Monroe objected that the Constitution did not explicitly provide for the spending of federal money on roads and canals
What was the Panic of 1819?
It occurred after the Second Bank of the United Stated tightened credit to control inflation;
As a result, many state banks closed and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply
How did the Panic of 1819 influence the West?
It changed many voters’ political outlook;
Westeners were hit the hardest, so they began calling for land reform and expressing strong opposition to both the national bank and debtors’ prisons
Did political factions and sectional differences become more intense during Monroe’s second term?
Yes
Did political factions and sectional differences become more intense during Monroe’s second term?
Yes
What strains was the Democratic-Republican Party, the only remaining national party after 1820, facing during the early 1800s?
There was a rift among the members;
Some members clung onto old party ideas of limited government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution, while others adopted Federalist ideas, like maintaining a large army and supporting a national bank
Where was much of the nationalistic and economic interests in early 1800s America centered?
The West
Why was westward expansion so prevalent around this time perioid? (Part 1)
-America acquired new lands thanks to military victories
-Some people from the Northeast faced economic pressured from the embargo and the war, and some planters from the South needed new soil to continue their farms, so they sought new land for new opportunities
Why was westward expansion so prevalent during this time period? (Part 2)
-The building of roads, canals, and other transportation modes made traveling to the frontier easier
-Immigrants (mostly Europeans) were attracted to the idea of America because of speculators offering cheap land
As the new territories vyed for statehood, what happened in regards to slavery?
The westerners in the southern areas wanted to permit slavery for economic reasons (labor for cotton fields), but westerners in the northern areas had no use for it
Why did Missouri’s bid for statehood alarm the North?
Because slavery was well-established there, and if it came in as a slave state, that would tip the political balance in the South’s favor;
At the time, there were 11 slave states and 11 free states, making for a sense of political balance
What was the Tallmadge Amendment?
A proposed solution to the Missouri debate by calling for
1. prohibition of further introduction of slaves into Missouri
2. requiring children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated by 25;
It was defeated in Senate because the South disliked it
What was the Missouri Compromise, proposed by Clay?
- It admitted Missouri as a slave-holding state
- It admitted Maine as a free state
- It prohibitted slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36°30′
Did Jefferson reject permanent alliances?
Yes
How did Britain and France challenge US neutrality?
Both attempted naval blockades of enemy ports;
They regularly seized the ships of neutral nations and confiscated their cargos
What was the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair?
The British warship Leopard fired on the US warship Chesapeake and caused the passing away of three Americans
How was the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair resolved?
Jefferson resorted to diplomacy and economic pressure as his response to the crisis
What was the Embargo Act of 1807?
It prohibitted American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port;
It was intended to prompt the British to stop violating the rights of neutral nations
Was the Embargo Act of 1807 successful?
It had a devastating impact on the US economy, especially for merchant marine and shipbuilders of New England;
It was repealed in 1809
What was similar nd different between Jefferson and Madison and their approach to foreign affairs?
Madison also attempted to use diplomacy and economic pressure to handle the Napoleonic wars, but he eventually took the US to war
What was the Nonintercourse Act of 1809?
It provided that Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France
What was Macon’s Bill No. 2?
It restored US trade with both Britain and France;
It also stated that the US would prohibit trade with a nation’s foe if they were to respect US neutral rights at sea
What caused the War of 1812?
The continued violation of US neutral rights at sea and troubles with British on the western frontier
Why did the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans dislike Britian more than France?
Because France helped America out during the American Revolution;
They had a revolution of their own;
And the British were more violent in their violations because of their practice of impressing American sailors
What was the deal with the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?
General Harrison of the Indiana Territory ended Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy;
Britain had provided a little aid to Tecumseh, but Americans nevertheless blamed the British for the conflict
What two factors finally persuaded Madison to declare war against Britain?
British delays in meeting US demands over neutral rights;
And pressure from war hawks (Americans eager for war with Britain), like Henry Clay
Why did New England merchants oppose the War of 1812?
Because they were making sizable profits from the Napoleonic wars and viewed impressment as merely a minor issue
Why did Federalist politicians oppose the War of 1812?
Because they saw it as a schele for the Democratic-Republicans to conquer Canada and Flordia, with the aim of increasing their voting strength
Why did the Quids (the “Old” Democratic-Republicans) oppose the War of 1812?
Because it violated classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited federal power
What was the Treaty of Ghent?
-Ended the War of 1812
-Returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant
-Recognized the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States
Who won the War of 1812?
It was a stalemate, with no gain for either side;
Treaty of Ghent said nothing at all about the grievances that led to the war
How did the War od 1812 influence the development of the American republic?
-Having survived two wars with Britain, the United States gained respect from other nations
-Nationalism intensified
-American Indians were forced to surrender their land
-Americans found the future of the United States to lay in the West
How did the United States’s approach to foreign policies change during Monroe’s presidency?
It became more aggressive and nationalistic;
For instance, a fleet was sent in 1815 to force rulers of North Africa to allow American ships free use of the Mediterranean
What was the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817?
It strictly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes;
It was later extended to place limits on border fortifications
What was the Treaty of 1818?
It improved relations between the United States and Britain
What was the Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819?
Spain turned over all of its possessions in Florida and its own claims in the Oregon Territory to the United States
What did Britain and America team up to do?
They teamed up to protect North and South America from possible aggression by a European power
What did the British do in their collaboration with the United States?
British naval power deterred the Spanish from attempting a comeback in Latin America;
They proposed join Anglo-American warning to the European pwoers not to intervene in South America
How did America respond to the proposed Anglo-American warning?
Monroe decided to issue a statement that did not have Britain as a coauthor
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
It pretty much stated that America is not up for colonization;
It also declated that America would oppose any attempt by a European power to interfere in the affairs of any republic in the Western Hemisphere
