Historical Foundations Flashcards
1
Q
Sport History
A
- Emerged as a discipline in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
- Primary Goal:
- Trace back the impact of cultural attitudes, practices and key individuals on the study of human movement.
2
Q
Ancient Greece
A
- Profound influence on the development of physical education and sport.
- Greek ideal stressed the unity of the mind, body, and spirit.
- “A sound mind in a sound body.”
- Arête: The pursuit of excellence
- National festivals
- Olympic Games
3
Q
Ancient Roman Period
A
- Being fit and having athletic skill were important to Rome’s military success.
- Greek gymnastics were introduced to Rome after the conquest of Greece but were not popular.
- Romans preferred blood sports such as gladiatorial contests, men fighting wild animals, and men fighting each other to the death.
4
Q
Germany
A
- Focused on development of strong citizens through school and community programs of physical education
- Programs focused on exercises and instruction in activities such as gymnastics, games, marching, running, and wrestling.
5
Q
Sweden
A
- Per Henrik Ling played a major role in the development of gymnastics
- Used science to examine the effects of physical education
- Used anatomy and physiology to study the effects of physical activity on the body.
- Less formal and strenuous than the German and Danish systems
- Gymnastics was influenced by nationalism.
6
Q
Great Britain
A
Emphasized programs of organized games and sports
- Maclaren, 1820 to 1884
- Muscular Christianity
7
Q
Maclaren, 1820 to 1884
A
- Believed that physical training must be treated as a science.
- Physical training and intellectual development were important.
- Exercise adapted to the individual’s level of fitness.
8
Q
Muscular Christianity
A
- Sport contributes to the development of moral character.
- Reconciles sport and religion.
- Promoted the inclusion of sport in schools as a means to develop fair play, honour, and self-discipline
9
Q
North America
A
- Games were part of indigenous practices
- Influenced by European ideals
- Systems of gymnastics or exercises
- Philosophies of physical education
- Influence of Ancient Asian cultures
- Yoga
- Martial Arts
- Relationships between the mind, body, and spirit.
10
Q
15-16th Centuries
A
- Colonists focused their efforts primarily on survival
- colonists brought sports with them from their native countries
- Puritans denounced play as evil; recreational pursuits frowned upon
- Reading, writing, and arithmetic in schools, not physical education
- Games were important to indigenous peoples, and focused around ceremonial, and religious practices and teaching of survival skills.
11
Q
17-18th Centuries
A
- Slow development during due to church and war influence
- Industrial Revolution - increased leisure time and engagement in sports and games
- Intercollegiate athletics becomes increasingly common on college campuses
- Horse-racing, foot races, rowing, and gambling on sport events were popular
12
Q
U Sports
A
- Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU), 1906-1955, Ontario and Quebec.
- Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union (CIAU), 1961-2001
- Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS), 2001-2016
- U Sports, 2016-Present
13
Q
Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU), 1906-1955, Ontario and Quebec.
A
- establishment of professional coaching and management positions
- Women’s Intercollegiate Athletic Union (WIAU), 1923
- Western Intercollegiate Athletic Association (WIAA) founded in 1920, members British Colombia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
14
Q
Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union (CIAU), 1961-2001
A
Programs evolved to a well-organized level as scientific coaching methods contributed to the high level of athletic performance.
15
Q
Residential Schools
A
- Recreational activities were underfunded
- Little or no physical education program in most schools.
- Many schools had no indoor facilities for PA, or outdoor space
- For many students sports helped them make it through residential schools.
16
Q
Where does Kinesiology come from?
A
- 1st Kin programs in mid-60s: Simon Fraser University (BC) and University of Waterloo (ON)
- 1980s - colleges and universities used as many as 100 different names: exercise science, sport
science, sport studies, human movement, human kinetics, and kinesiology - 1995 - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance (previously Association) – provides leadership for the
advancement of kinesiology as a profession and science. - Canadian Council of University Physical Education and Kinesiology Administrators
(CCUPEKA) – accreditation of academic programs
17
Q
Growth Of The Discipline
A
- Franklin Henry in 1964 called for the study of the academic discipline of physical education.
- During the 1970s knowledge base expanded and specialized areas of study emerged.
- In 1989, American Academy of Physical Education changed its name to the American
Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. - Ongoing debate about what is the best name for the discipline
18
Q
School Physical Education (Recent Development)
A
- Recognition of the critical role school physical education plays in in helping children acquire
the skills, knowledge, and habits to be active throughout their lives.- Call for increasing daily quality physical education for all students.
- Physical education must be promoted as an integral part of the school curriculum for children and
youth
19
Q
Physical Fitness and Participation in Physical Activity (Recent Development)
A
- Expansion of the fitness movement and involvement in physical activity.
- Shift from an emphasis on performance-related fitness to one on health-related fitness.
- Physical inactivity recognized as a major health problem
20
Q
The Growth of Sport (Recent Development)
A
- Phenomenal growth of participation in sports at all levels.
- Children and youth sports involve millions of children and adults volunteer coaches.
- Growth of recreational sport leagues and professional sports.
- Growth of professional sports opportunities for women.
21
Q
Olympics
A
- Rebirth of the Olympics in 1896.
- Politicization of the Olympics Games.
- Evolving definitions of amateurism.
- Commercialization of the Olympics.
