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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Human Anatomy

A

The study of the structure and location of different
components of the human body
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

subdivided into surface anatomy (the external body), regional anatomy (specific regions of the body), and systemic anatomy (specific organ systems).

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Is subdivided into cytology (the study
of cells) and histology (the study of tissues).

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4
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • Standardize view the
    body
  • Body standing upright
  • Feet at shoulder width
    and parallel, toes forward.
  • Upper limbs are held out
    to each side
  • Palms of the hands face
    forward
  • It reduces confusion: It
    does not matter how the
    body being described is
    oriented, the terms are
    used as if it is in
    anatomical position
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5
Q

Body Planes (Of Human Body)

A
  • Frontal/Coronal Plane: front and back
  • Midsagittal/Median Plane: right and left
  • Transverse Plane: upper and bottom
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6
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
- Anterior skeleton (FRONT)

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7
Q

Posterior (or dorsal)

A

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
- Posterior skeleton (BACK)

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8
Q

Superior (or cranial)

A

Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
- Pelvis superior to legs

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9
Q

Inferior (or caudal)

A

Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen
- Legs inferior to pelvis

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10
Q

Lateral

A

Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.
- Ears lateral to cheeks

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11
Q

Medial

A

Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.
- Cheeks medial to ears

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The
brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
- Elbow proximal to hand

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13
Q

Distal

A

Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The
crus is distal to the femur.
- Hand distal to elbow

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.

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15
Q

Deep

A

Describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

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16
Q

Flexion and Extension (Movement)

A
  • Action: Reduces / increases angle between joint
  • Reference: Sagittal plane movement
  • Example:Biceps curl
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17
Q

Abduction and Adduction (Movement)

A
  • Action: Away / towards mid line
  • Reference: Frontal plane movement
  • Example: Jumping jacks
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18
Q

Pronation and Supination (Movement)

A
  • Action: Palm faces posterior / anterior
  • Reference: hand and forearm movement
  • Example: Holing bowl of soup
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19
Q

Dorsi flexion and Plantar flexion (Movement)

A
  • Action: Foot up / foot plants
  • Reference: Sole foot movement
  • Example: toe raise
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20
Q

Inversion and Eversion (Movement )

A
  • Action: Sole moves in / out
  • Reference: Sole foot movement
  • Example: Rolling over ankle
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21
Q

Medial/internal rotation and Lateral/external rotation (Movement)

A
  • Action: Flexed forearm moves in / out
  • Reference: Longitudinal axis movement
  • Example: opening / closing doors
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22
Q

Short (Bones)

A
  • Function: Shock Absorbers
  • Example: Carpals and Tarsals
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23
Q

Long (Bones)

A
  • Function: Levers
  • Example: Femur and Humerus
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24
Q

Flat (Bones)

A
  • Function: Protect Organs
  • Example: Skull, Scapula, and Ribs
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25
Irregular (Bones)
- Function: Special Function - Example: Facial bones and Vertebrae
26
Sesamoid (Bones)
- Function: Change pressure / friction - Example: Patella
27
Strong Bone
- Density: UP - Mineralization: UP - Porosity: DOWN
28
Weak Bone
- Density: DOWN - Mineralization: DOWN - Porosity: Up
29
Pivot (Joint Movement)
- Description: One bone rotates around one axis - Movement: Uniaxial, Flexion-extension - Examples: Neck
30
Gliding (Joint Movement)
- Description: Bone surfaces involved are nearly flat - Movement: Uniaxial, Gliding - Examples: Acromio-clavicular
31
Hinge (Joint Movement)
- Description: Convex and concave articulating surfaces - Movement: Uniaxial, Flexion-extension - Examples: Elbow
32
Saddle (Joint Movement)
- Description: Bones set together as in sitting on a horse - Movement: Biaxial, Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction - Examples: Thumb
33
Condyloid (Joint Movement)
- Description: Ovular convex shape and reciprocal concave surfaces - Movement: Biaxial, Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction - Examples: Knuckles
34
Ball and Socket (Joint Movement)
- Description: A rounded bone is fitted into a cup-like receptacle - Movement: Multiaxial, 3-axis rotation - Examples: Hip
35
Sensorimotor System
1. Skeletal System 2. Muscular System 3. Nervous System
36
Skeletal System
- Supports the body - Enables movement (with muscular system) - Cartilage - Bones - Joint
37
Muscular System
- Enables movement (with Skeletal System) - Helps maintain body temperature - Skeletal Muscles - Tendons
38
Nervous System
- Detects and processes sensory information - Activates bodily responses - Brain - Spinal Cord - Peripheral Nerves
39
Joints
- Point of connection between two or more bones - Ligaments - Connective tissues - Provide stability and hold bones together - Classified by the degree of movement
40
Cartilaginous Joints (Joint Classification)
- Limited movement - Absorb shock - Example: Intervertebral discs
41
Fibrous Joints (Joint Classification)
- No movement - Absorb shock Example: Skull sutures
42
Synovial Joints (Joint Classification)
- Greatest degree of movement - Allow movement, most common - Example: Hip Joint
43
Synovial Joints
1. Joint Capsule 2. Joint Cavity 3. Hyaline Cartilage 4. Extrinsic Ligaments
44
Joint Capsule
- Surrounds the joint and provides support - Lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
45
Joint Cavity
- Filled with synovial fluid for lubrication - Also cushions
46
Hyaline Cartilage
- Dense white connective tissue that covers and protects the ends of the articulating bones
47
Extrinsic Ligaments
- Support the joint - Connect the articulating bones of the joint
48
Muscle Types
1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
49
Skeletal
- Attached to bone - Contraction = body movement - Motor nerve control / voluntary
50
Cardiac
- Heart contraction / beating - Very fatigue resistant - Has own intrinsic beat - Autonomic nerve control / involuntary
51
Smooth
- Blood vessels & organs - Slow and uniform contractions - Fatigue resistant - Autonomic nerve control / involuntary
52
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
- ORIGIN - INSERTION
53
ORIGIN (Proximal Attachment)
- Closer to the centre of the body - Attached to more stationary parts
54
INSERTION (distal attachment)
- Away from the centre of the body - More mobile structures
55
Muscle Structure
- whole muscle - fascicle - fiber - myofibril - myofilament
56
Nervous System
- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves - Receives sensory information about the body and environment - Provides motor commands to the muscles - Plays major role in learning and controlling movements - Network of cells, tissues, & organs that regulates the actions and responses of the body - Two major components - central - CNS - peripheral - PNS
57
Central Nervous System
- The “control center” that receives information from the body, integrates that information, and sends signals to all part of the body - brain - spinal cord - control of movement
58
Cerebral cortex
- Involved in planning and execution of voluntary movement - Key regions for motor control: - Premotor cortex - Motor cortex - Somatosensory cortex
59
Motor & Somatosensory regions
- Cerebral cortex organized in terms of motor and sensory functions of specific anatomical structures - determines effects of injuries to specific parts of the brain
60
Cerebellum
- Plays important role in integration and fine-tuning of movement - Especially involved in the coordination and timing of movement
61
Spinal Cord
Relays messages between brain and periphery - 31 spinal nerves categorized by region: - cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral
62
Spinal Cord (Matter)
- Gray matter - cell bodies, interneurons, axons and dendrites - White matter - axons - White matter organized into ascending and descending tracts - Sensory signals enter cord dorsal side - Motor signals exit cord ventral side
63
Peripheral Nervous System
- Transmits information to and from the CNS - Network of nerves that run between the spinal cord and all parts of the body - Two components - sensory neurons - afferent - motor neurons - efferent
64
Neurons
- Represent the cellular unit in the nervous system - Cell body (soma) - Dendrites - Receive signals from other neurons - Axon - Many are surrounded by a myelin sheath - Axonal endings - transmit signals to other neurons
65
Motor System
- Motor unit: a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates - Represents smallest functional unit of neuromuscular system - Each MU has between 10’s - 1000’s of muscle fibers - MU’s classified by properties - Fast twitch - Slow twitch
66
Motor System (Muscle Force Gradation)
- Two mechanisms used by the CNS - Recruitment: varying the number of active motor units - size principle - rate coding: varying the stimulation frequency of active motor units
67
Spinal cord
Control of movement ? - SC can control some aspects of movement with little or no input from the brain - Spinal reflexes - Mono-synaptic stretch reflex - Withdrawal reflex - Crossed extensor reflex

KPER 1500 (12 decks)

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