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KPER 1500 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A
  • Study of internal and external forces acting on the human body and their effects
    • Application of the scientific principles of mechanics to understand movements and actions of human bodies and
      sport implements.
  • Biomechanics contributes significantly to our knowledge of human movement
    • Movement analysis
    • Equipment design
    • Mechanism of injuries
  • Kinesiology and biomechanics are integrally related.
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2
Q

BIOMECHANICS AS AN INTERDISCIPLINE

A
  • Kinesiology
  • Natural Sciences
  • Mathematics
  • Engineering
  • Health Sciences
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3
Q

Kinesiology

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Physiology
  • Psychomotor
  • Sports performance
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4
Q

Natural Sciences

A
  • Biophysics
  • Physics
  • Zoology
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5
Q

Mathematics

A
  • Algebra
  • Calculus
  • trigonometry
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6
Q

Engineering

A
  • Biomedical
  • Electrical
  • Mechanical
  • Robotics
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7
Q

Health Sciences

A
  • Medicine
  • Ergonomics
  • Physical therapy
  • Prostethics
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8
Q

Why Study Biomechanics?

A
  • To better understand and the various internal and external forces that affect movement and the human body.
  • To improve individual’s movements and skill performance.
  • To design and conduct programs to enhance movement skills
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9
Q

Areas of Specialization

A
  1. Developmental biomechanics
  2. Clinical biomechanics
  3. Equipment design
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10
Q

Developmental biomechanics

A
  • Studies movement patterns and how they change
    across the lifespan and with people with disabilities.
    • Example: Cerebral Palsy (CP) research
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11
Q

Clinical biomechanics

A
  • Prevention of injury or diseases that result in movement disorders
  • Rehabilitation of people who are injured or have a movement disorder
    disease or disability.
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12
Q

Equipment design

A
  • Increases in performance through changes in equipment.
    • Example: Wheelchair racers, like this Boston Marathoner, have benefited greatly from improvements in equipment design and research designed to help them streamline and refine their body position to improve performance.
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13
Q

Major Areas of Study in Biomechanics

A
  • Quantitative Biomechanics
  • Qualitative Analysis
  • Kinematics
  • Kinetics
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14
Q

Quantitative Analysis

A
  • Using high-tech instrumentation
  • Measuring variables to optimize function or athletic performance
    • Foot forces on sprinter’s starting block (Force Platforms)
    • Muscle contraction sequence during
      running (EMG)
    • 3-D arm movements of a stroke survivor (Motion capture)
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15
Q

Qualitative Analysis

A
  • Using sight and hearing (also with video recording)
  • Use a performance checklist to guide the
    observation.
  • Usually done by coaches and teachers
    • Who typically do not have access to complex equipment
  • To identify and correct errors:
    • “Observe, analyze and correct.”
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16
Q

Kinematics vs. Kinetics

A

Two ways to describe and analyze human motion:
- Without reference to forces causing motion
- Describing motion in terms of forces that cause it

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17
Q

Kinematics

A
  • Without describing human motion without reference to force causing motion
  • Focusing on motion’s spatial and timing characteristics
  • Dynamics: Study of mechanical factors that relate to systems in motion.
  • Measurements:
    • Time
    • Displacement
    • Velocity
    • Acceleration
18
Q

Kinetics

A
  • Describing motion in terms of forces that cause it
  • Internal forces
    • Muscles pulling on bones
    • Bone-on-bone, inside joints
  • External forces acting on the body
    • Without contact (e.g., gravity)
    • From contact with ground, opponent or equipment
19
Q

Types of Motion

A
  1. Linear Motion
  2. Angular Motion
  3. General Motion
20
Q

Linear Motion

A
  • All body parts move same distance and direction, at the same time
  • Translation: linear motion of the whole body
    • E.g., Bobsled
21
Q

Angular Motion

A
  • Body moves on a circular path and rotates about axis of rotation
  • Body segments rotate about their joints
    • E.g., twisting somersault
22
Q

General Motion

A
  • Body / segments move linearly and rotate at the same time
  • True for most athletic and
    everyday activities
    • E.g., walking
23
Q

Force

A
  • Force is any action, push or pull, that tends to cause an
    object to change is state of motion by experiencing
    acceleration
    • Produced by the actions of muscles.
    • The stronger the muscles, the more force the body can produce
  • In biomechanics we study the application of internal or
    external forces on the body
24
Q

Absorption of Force

A
  • Common in many physical activities and sports
  • The impact of a force should be gradually reduced and spread
    • Oer a large surface
    • Over time
    • Example: drop vertical jump (DVJ)
25
Q

Force application determines the type of
movement

A
  1. Linear motion = force acting on centre of mass/ pivot point
  2. Angular motion = force not acting on centre of mass/ pivot point and result in torque (moment of force)
26
Q

Velocity

A

Speed and direction of a
body.

27
Q

Acceleration

A

Change in velocity over time.

28
Q

Angular Velocity

A

Angle that is rotated
in a given unit of time.

29
Q

Angular Acceleration

A

Change of angular
velocity for a unit of
time

30
Q

Mechanical Principle: Motion

A
  1. Newton’s First Law - Law of Inertia
  2. Newton’s Second Law - Law of Acceleration
  3. Newton’s Third Law - Law of Action and Reaction
31
Q

Newton’s First Law - Law of Inertia

A

Objects will not change their state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced external force

32
Q

Newton’s Second Law - Law of Acceleration

A

Objects will experience a change in velocity (acceleration)
proportional to the unbalanced external force

33
Q

Newton’s Third Law - Law of
Action and Reaction

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces act in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

34
Q

Lever systems and Motion Mechanics

A
  • Mechanical device performing angular motion
  • Components:
    • Axis of rotation/fulcrum (aka pivot point)
    • Load (or resistance) arm attached to fulcrum
    • Force arm attached to fulcrum
    • Applied force (muscle in the human body)
    • Load (Resistance)
  • Human muscles, bones and joint work together as
    lever systems
35
Q

How Levers Work

A
  • Force is applied -> if the turning effect of the force is greater than resistance -> Rotation at the axis / fulcrum occurs
  • To determine turning effect, consider the length of force arm and resistance arm
  • Levers offer either a mechanical advantage (FA > RA) or a speed advantage (FA < RA)
36
Q

TYPES OF LEVERS

A
  • Levers perform different functions
  • Three basic types of lever exist
    • First class
    • Second class
    • Third class
  • Differ based on mechanics and how these components are positioned
    • Axis
    • Resistance
    • Force
37
Q

FIRST CLASS LEVERS

A
  • Applied force and resistance on opposite side of axis, at un/equal distance from one another
    • Example: crowbar
  • Human body: head flexion
  • Either gives a mechanical or speed advantage depending on where the axis is placed
38
Q

SECOND CLASS LEVERS

A
  • Applied force and resistance on same side of axis; resistance closer
    to axis
    • Example: wheelbarrow
  • Human body - rare: toe raise
  • Always gives a mechanical advantage (FA>RA)
39
Q

THIRD CLASS LEVERS

A
  • Applied force and resistance on same side of axis; force closer to the
    axis
    • Example: fishing
  • Human body – many: forearm flexion
  • Always gives a speed advantage (FA<RA)
40
Q
A

KPER 1500 (12 decks)

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