Histopathology P2 Flashcards
Best for Preserving Embryos and glycogen containing tissues/cells. * Chromic acid Moller's fluid Orth's fluid Potassium dichromate Bouin's solution None of the above
Bouin’s solution
Fixative ideal for Bone marrow specimens: * 10% Neutral buffered formalin 10% Formol- saline Formol corrosive B5 fixative Zenker- Formol none of the above
B5 fixative
Fixative best and ideal for pituitary glands, bone marrow and blood containing organs. * 10% Neutral buffered formalin 10% Formol- saline Formol corrosive B5 fixative Zenker- Formol none of the above
Zenker- Formol
Preserves carbohydrates * Chromic acid Moller's fluid Orth's fluid Potassium dichromate Bouin's solution None of the above
Chromic acid
Why is the concentration of a fixative very important in properly preserving the tissue.
*
Too high of a concentration will cause hardening of the wall of the tissue making penetration insufficient .
Too low of a concentration will cause the fixative to be exhausted before it can fix all parts of the tissue.
Both are true.
Only the first choice is true.
Fixation in Histopathology is under what category of fixation process? * Immersion Perfusion Heat fixation
Fixative ideal for Central nervous system tissus/specimen: * 10% Neutral buffered formalin 10% Formol- saline Formol corrosive B5 fixative Zenker- Formol none of the above
10% Formol- saline
Best for Preserving chromatin and other mitotic figures * Chromic acid Moller's fluid Orth's fluid Potassium dichromate Bouin's solution None of the above
Fixation Is a method in which prevents the tissue from putrefication and autolysis, putrefication is the same as autolysis. True or false.
*
TRUE
FALSE
Fixative known as the best general tissue fixative. * 10% Neutral buffered formalin 10% Formol- saline Formol corrosive B5 fixative Zenker- Formol none of the above
Fixative that contains mercuric chloride: * 10% Neutral buffered formalin 10% Formol- saline Formol corrosive B5 fixative Zenker- Formol none of the above
Zenker- Formol
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good fixative?
*
It ca penetrate the tissue rapidly.
It hardens the tissue.
It renders the tissue sensitive to subsequent treatment .
All of the above are good qualities.
It renders the tissue sensitive to subsequent treatment .
Best for Preserving mitochondria * Chromic acid Moller's fluid Orth's fluid Potassium dichromate Bouin's solution None of the above
Potassium dichromate
One of the important effects of Fixation is hardening of the tissues. What is the reason behind this mechanism. * Coagulation of the blood cells. Coagulation of proteins. Coagulation of carbohydrates.
Coagulation of proteins.
Best for Preserving Rickettsia infected tissues and necrotic tissue * Chromic acid Moller's fluid Orth's fluid Potassium dichromate Bouin's solution None of the above
Orth’s fluid
Clearing agent recommended for CNS , smooth muscles and skin. * Toluene Xylene Cedarwood oil Lampwood oil
Cedarwood oil
Which of the ff. agents/substances are explosives: * Dioxane Silver salts Picric acid Sodium azide all of the above none of the above
Most common dehydrating agent used in routine histopath laboratory * Isopropyl Ethanol Methanol
What is the purpose of the clearing phase?
*
To remove excess water from dehydration step.
To remove the dehydrating agent used in the previous step.
To remove xylene and prep the tissue for impregnation.
Dehydrating the tissues is essential to remove any water molecule that will hinder the impregnation of wax. Dehydration involves:
*
Placing the tissue samples in decreasing concentration of alcohol.
Placing the tissue samples in increasing concentration of alcohol.
Placing the tissue samples in alternating high and low concentrations of alcohol.
Commonly used clearing agent * Toluene Xylene Cedar oil Paraffin
Xylene
Of the three steps previously mentioned, which is the most important. * FIXATION DEHYDRATION CLEARING
How many changes of paraffin for impregnation to be efficient? (minimum) * 1 2 3 4
2
If you are dealing with a soft tissue, what will be the necessary adjustments with regards to wax melting point.
*
Use a high melting point wax.
Use a low melting point wax.
Use a low melting point wax.
What is the ultimate goal of IMPREGNATION ?
*
To give a hard and crisp consistency to tissues prior to cutting.
To fill in the empty cavities of the tissue making it stable ready for cutting.
To remove the extra xylene which will interfere with the reaction later.
To fill in the empty cavities of the tissue making it stable ready for cutting.
Commonly used Embedding media for brain specimens is * Cedarwood Paraffin Celloidin Dextrin
Celloidin
Paraffin is regarded as one of the essentials in a histopathology lab, as an embedding and impregnating media which of the ff. characteristics is NOT true about paraffin. * It is the simplest embedding media. Most common embedding media. The best embedding media. All of the above are true.
All of the above are true.
What process is at fault when clearing agent turns milky upon contact with tissue. * All of the process Fixation Dehydration Clearing
Dehydration
Classify what type of fixative : B5 Fixative * Aldehyde fixatives Mercuric chloride fixatives Chromate fixatives Picric acid fixatives None of the choices
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Simplest micrtome: * Rocking microtome Sliding microtome Freezing microtome Rotary microtome
Rocking microtome
It is the simplest among all types of microtome. Invented by Trefall. * Rotary microscope Rocking microscope Base sledge microscope
Rocking microscope
Classify what type of fixative : Heidenhain's SuSa * Aldehyde fixatives Mercuric chloride fixatives Chromate fixatives Picric acid fixatives None of the choices
Mercuric chloride fixatives
Microtome used for electron microscopy: * Rocking microtome Ultrathin microtome Cryostat
Classify what type of fixative : Zenker's - formol * Aldehyde fixatives Mercuric chloride fixatives Chromate fixatives Picric acid fixatives None of the choices
The removal of gross nicks in microtome knives.
*
Honing
Stropping
Honing
Incomplete clearing wll ake the tissue : * Brittle Opaque Macerated None of the above
Opaque
Most commonly used fixative for exfoliative cytology: * 95% Ethyl alcohol Formol-saline B5 fixative NBF
Formol-saline
Classify what type of fixative : Orth's fluid * Aldehyde fixatives Mercuric chloride fixatives Chromate fixatives Picric acid fixatives None of the choices
Chromate fixatives
Which of the ff. can cause tissue brittleness. * prolonged fixation prolonged dehydration prolonged clearing prolonged wax infiltration All of the above None of the above
AOTA
Freezing Microtome is invented by: * Trefall Minot Queckett
Queckett
Sliding microtome is best used for what type of sections? * Celloidin Paraffin Biowax
Celloidin
Classify what type of fixative : 10% Neutral buffered formalin * Aldehyde fixatives Mercuric chloride fixatives Chromate fixatives Picric acid fixatives None of the choices
Aldehyde fixatives
It is the MOST COMMON among all types of microtome. Invented by Minot. * Rotary microscope Rocking microscope Base sledge microscope
Rotary microscope
The removal of gross burrs in microtome knives.
*
Honing
Stropping
Stropping
Which of the ff. are honing stones for sharpening knives for microtomy: * Arkansas Belgium yellow Fine carborundum All of the above none of the above
AOTA
Fixation is most commonly done and best done in what temperature
conditions:
above 30 degrees celsius
20-24 degrees celsius
in an airconditioned room with temperature below 15 degrees celsius
20-24 degrees celsius
Why is the brain suspended in 10% buffered formalin for a week to ensure complete fixation?
The brain is full of protein bonds that is hard to sever.
The brain is soft and needs further hardening.
No, the brain should not be soaked because it might cause the tissue to degrade.
The brain is soft and needs further hardening.
Formalin diffues into tissue at the rate of approximately 1 mm per hour
and speeds up further as it goes deeper into the tissue.
true
False
False
Brain cells deteriorate very quickly ; Bone marrow continues to undergo mitosis up to 30 mins after death when refrigerated.
Both statement are False.
Both statement are True.
Only the first statement is true.
Both statement are True.
Which of the following is an example of an Aldehyde fixative? *
Formaldhyde
Glutaraldehyde
Both
Both
Presence of blood can affect the fixation rate and quality of fixation in tissues, how do we prevent it:
By washing with NSS
By washing with water
By washing with Formaldehyde
By washing with NSS
Presence of mucus can affect the fixation rate and quality of fixation in
tissues, how do we prevent it:
By washing with NSS
By washing with water
By washing with Formaldehyde
By washing with NSS
Which of the following is used for washing out. (Removing excess fixative in tissue)
Tap water
50-70% ALCOHOL
Alcoholic Iodine
All of the above
All of the above
In fixing nuclear materials such as DNA and RNA what considerations must be taken:
Cooling the fixative at -5 to 4 C to facililate uncoiling.
Heating the fixative at 45-65 C to faciliatate uncoiling.
Heating the fixative at 45-65 C to faciliatate uncoiling.
Which of the following is an example of a nuclear fixative?
Newcomer’s fluid
Formaldehyde
Lead fixatives
All of the above
Newcomer’s fluid
This serves as the link or bridge between tissue and the dye:
Accentuator
Mordant
Dye enhancer
Mordant
This hastens and speed up the staining reaction, does not participate or is essential in the staning to occur
Accentuator
Mordant
Dye enhancer
Accentuator
Best vital dye:
Janus green
Trypan blue
Neutral red
Neutral red
Recommended for Mitochondria:
Janus green
Trypan blue
Neutral red
Janus green
Color of Nuclei after H and E staining .
Dark blue
Blue
Pale pink
Blue
Color of Karyosome after H and E staining
Dark blue
Blue
Pale pink
Dark blue
Color of Cytoplasm after H and E staining
Dark blue
Blue
Pale pink
Pale pink
Hematoxylin is a natural dye derived from a core of a tree in Mexico
true
False
true
Basic cell structures have an affinity for the acid dye ions and are regarded as:
Basophilic
Acidophilic
Netrophiles
Acidophilic
Acidic cell structures have an affinity for the basic dye ions and are regarded as;
Basophilic
Acidophilic
Netrophiles
Basophilic
Exfoliative cytology is study of cells that have been shed or removed from the epithelial surface of various organs, the collection of specimen for Exfoliative cytology must be :
From natural sheddings and turnover of cells only.
From scrapings and manual Dermabrasion only.
From natural or artificial means of cellular shedding,
From natural or artificial means of cellular shedding,
Gynaecologicaland non-gynaecological materials may be stained separately to avoid contamination,
true
false
true
Significant muscle mass eg. sternocleidomastoid, while fixing the lesion must be avoided during FNAB/FNAC Procedure because:
It can be painful
Muscle tends to plug the needle tip, preventing further material from entering theneedle.
Both choices above are correct
None of the above
Both choices above are correct
For cytological evaluation of the bladder what considerations for the specimen must be met:
First morning urine of at least 60 ml
Mid stream clean catch of at least 60 ml
three morning samples of urine (each of 50 - 100 ml) obtained on consecutive days.
three morning samples of urine (each of 50 - 100 ml) obtained on consecutive days.
What is the important thing to note when a serous fluid sample is received in the laboratory.
The name of the delivering personnel.
The color and volume of the fluid.
The preservative and tube used for collecting the fluid.
The color and volume of the fluid.
Refer to image: Microscopic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealing the presence of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae in hemorrhagic background. What are the fixatives or ragents used to get rid of the Red blood cells?
PAS stain
Giemsa stain
Formladehyde buffered
Carnoy’s fixative
Carnoy’s fixative
The correct fluid stated above is used to lyse RBCs in haemorrhagic fluids. Alternatively glacial aceticacid alone , what are the characteristics of the said reagents?
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
RBC lysis agents
Isotonic
Hypertonic
The quality of sputum is determined using Bartlett’s Criteria by considering the score of squamous epithelial cells (SEC), pus cell
(neutrophils) and macroscopy. For squamous epithelial cells, the score
is 0 if SEC is :
Less than 10.
10 to 25
Greater than 25.
Less than 10.
Bronchial brushings are obtained using what method: *
brushings and aspirations
direct smear by pull technique
washings and asppiration
direct smear by pull technique
Smears should never be allowed to dry before placing the coverslip:
False, smears should be dry first or the stain will not color the cells.
True, it should always be wet.
True, it should always be wet.
Refer to an image of a pap smear slide below: Choose which pair below is incorrect
Erythrocytes : Orange-red
Nuclei : Blue
Acidophilic cells : Red
Acidophilic cells : Blue
Acidophilic cells : Blue
Why is Bismarck brown omitted in most pap stain procedure?
It stains nothing
It acts as a counterstain
It changes the pH of the staining solution
It stains nothing
What type of spatula is recommended in collecting specimens for Pap smear
Wooden
Stainless steel
Platic
Wooden
The transformation zone in which an area of changing cells, and it is the most common place on the cervix for abnormal cells to develop. What
area/color is represented by the T zone?
Red
Green
Blue
Green
Image below is taken from a young woman. Navicular cells are identified, this gives us a hint that the patient is :
On early menopause
Pregnant
Might develop cervical cancer soon
Pregnant
Ameboid movement of the leukocytes are made possible by what cellula microtstructure?
microvilli
pseupodia
mitochondria
tubules
pseupodia
Chemotactic substances are proteins that attracts leukocytes to the site of injury or action. Which of the following substances below coats an antigen/
pathogen to be tagged for destruction.
Chemotactic substances
Opsonins
Antibodies
Neutrophils
Opsonins
Diapedesis is a process by which leukocytes pass through capillary walls to reach the infected tissue or inflammation; Diapdesis is otherwise known as:
Extravasation
Extravacation
Extrusion
Evacuation
Extravasation
Which of the following decriptions below satisfy the term leukocyte margination:
- the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
- movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
- white blood cells migrate toward the vessel walls in blood flow.
- none of the above
- white blood cells migrate toward the vessel walls in blood flow.
Why does the blood vessels constrict during inflammation/bleeding?
to decrease blood loss
to increase blood loss
to increase the concentration of substances needed for repair.
none of the above
to decrease blood loss
