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Endo Exam 2 > Histology of the Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Histology of the Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

4 parts of male repro system

A

testes
conducting tubules
accessory glands
penis

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2
Q

products of testes

A

male germ cells - sperm

male sex hormones - testosterone

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3
Q

conducting tubules

A

seminiferous tubules
epididymis
ductus deferens
urethra

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4
Q

accessory glands

A

seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral (aka cowpers)

produce and store seminal secretions

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5
Q

semen

A

sperm and secretions

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6
Q

testes

A

develop in abdominal cavity

descend around birth

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7
Q

testes function

A

exocrine - gametes - sperm
-cytogenic - secretes actual cells (sperm)

endocrine - androgens - male sex hormones

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8
Q

tunica albuginea

A

thick fibro-elastic CT capsule of teste

  • thickened capsule that projects inward
  • incomplete lobulation

along posterior border of testis

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9
Q

mediastinum testis

A

where ducts depart testes and a/v/m enter/leave

hilar region

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10
Q

CT septae

A

radiation from mediastinum to inner face of capsule

incomplete division of testes

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11
Q

lobule of testi

A

each contain1-4 seminiferous tubules
-80cm length/200 micrometer diameter

-embedded in loose CT stroma

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12
Q

leydig cells

A

clustered in stroma between seminiferous tubules

large polyhedral interstitial cells

rounded nuclei with 1-2 nucleoli

  • many cytoplasmic inclusions
  • produce testosterone
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13
Q

product of leydig cells

A

testosterone

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14
Q

product of seminiferous tubules

A

sperm

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15
Q

leydig cells location

A

proximity to vascular channels

bc of endocrine function

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16
Q

leydig cell structure

A 
prominent golgi
abundant mitrochondria
extensive sER - steroid hormones
many peroxisome
lysosomes present

close to vascular channels

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17
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia to spermatozoa

in seminiferous tubule

final portion or process - spermiogenesis
-spermatides to spermatozoa

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18
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids to spermatozoa

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19
Q

process of spermiogenesis

A 
primordial germ cell >
spermatagonia >
primary spermatocyte >
secondary spermatocyte >
spermatid >
spermatozoa
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20
Q

termination of seminiferous tubule

A

becomes straight tubule

-empties into rete testis

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21
Q

rete testis

A

in mediastinum testis
-maze of straight tubules

also has vessels

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22
Q

structure of seminiferous tubules

A

heavy basement membrane

  • collagen fibers ensheath each tubule
  • contractile-type cells in fibers

specialized stratified epithelium

  • spermatogenic epithleium
  • basal cells on basement membrane

inner lumen - forms in adult
-pre-adolescent - solid cord of cells

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23
Q

peritubular contractile cells

A

smooth muscle like cells in seminiferous tubules basement membrane

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24
Q

spermatogenic epithelium

A

germ cells
-stratified - 4-8 cell layers

supporting cells - sertoli cells are scattered among germ cells

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25
Q

sertoli cells

A

“nurse” cells to spermatids
-provide mechanical support, protection, and nutrition to developing germ cells

basement membrane to lumen
-surrounded by different stages of sperm formation

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26
Q

tight junction of sertoli cells

A

forms blood testis barrier

between spermatocytes and spermatogonia

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27
Q

sertoli cell type

A

tall columnar cells

form blood-testis cells

blocks autoimmune response (orchitis)

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28
Q

sertoli cell structure

A

large pale, oval nuclei with prominent nucleolus and membrane infoldings

cytoplasm indented by developing germ cells
-apex and lateral faces above base of cells

tall columnar cells

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29
Q

sertoli cell histology

A

line seminiferous tubule

large pale oval nucleus with dark nucleolus

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30
Q

3 phases of spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytogenesis
meiosis
spermiogenesis

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31
Q

spermatocytogenesis

A

spermatogonia proliferate by mitotic division

type A > type B > primary spermatocyte

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32
Q

meiosis

A

primary spermatocyte > secondary spermatocyte > spermatide

2 division - goes to haploid cell

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33
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatid > spermatozoa

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34
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid

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35
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

diploid

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36
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

haploid

23 chromosome 2N

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37
Q

spermatid

A

haploid

23 chromosome 1N

38
Q

spermatozoa

A

haploid

39
Q

type A spermatogonia

A

divides to one type A and one Type B
-by mitosis

type B goes to terminal maturation

40
Q

type B spermatogonia

A

divide to two primary spermatocytes

41
Q

largest spermatogenic cells

A

primary spermatocyte

42
Q

meiosis I

A

primary spermatocyte to two secondary spermatocytes with 23 chromosomes 2N

43
Q

meiosis II

A

short phase
secondary spermatocyte to two spermatids

spermatids with 23 chromosone 1N

44
Q

spermatogonia

A

on basement membrane

45
Q

completion of spermatogenesis

A

detach from supporting cell and become free in lumen

move from seminiferous tubule to epididymis

final maturation in epididymis
-sperm becomes mobile and capable of fertilization

46
Q

type A spermatogonia

A

46 chromosomes 2N diploid

47
Q

type B spermatogonia

A

46 chromosomes 2N diploid

48
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

46 chromosomes 2N diploid

49
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

23 chromosomes 2N - haploid

50
Q

spermatid

A

23 chromosome 1N - haploid

51
Q

spermatozoa

A

mature sperm

23 chromosome 1N - haploid

52
Q

order of spermatogenesis

A

type A > mitosis - sister chromatids separate
type B > mitosis - sister chromatids separate
primary > meiosis I - homologs separate
secondary > meiosis II - sister chromatids separate
spermatid > maturation
spermatozoa

53
Q

homolog chromosome separation

A

46 - 23 chromosomes

54
Q

sister chromatid separation

A

4N - 2N

or 2N - 1N

55
Q

head of mature sperm

A

head - nucleus and cap

-dense acrosome at anterior boundary

56
Q

hyaluronidase

A

in acrosome of sperm head

-aids sperm penetration of unfertilized egg

57
Q

neck and middle piece of mature sperm

A

neck and middle piece

  • core of longitudinal filaments
  • surrounded by sheath
  • powers movement of tail
58
Q

tail of mature sperm

A

ensheathed by fibrous ribs and thin layer of cytoplasm

similar to cilium - 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

tip is naked - MTs and membrane

59
Q

cycle in seminiferous tubule

A

6 distinguishable stages

  • single location goes through each stage
  • like a wave in a stadium
60
Q

segment

A

length of tubule between identical stages

61
Q

wave

A

distance between 2 similar stages

62
Q

straight tubule

A

simple columnar epihelium

-tubule opens into rete testis

63
Q

rete testis

A

irregular network of anastomosing channels

-in mediastinum testis

64
Q

efferent ductules

A

10 to 15 efferent ductules - drain into ductus epididymis

outside of testes**

65
Q

epididymis

A

formed by efferent ductules and ductus epididymis

tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia (absorptive)
-every cell touches basement membrane

continuous with ductus deferens

66
Q

ductus deferens

A

thick muscular tube
-pseudostratified columnar epithleium with stereocilia

courses retroperitoneally into pelvis

terminal dilation as ampulla

ends as ejaculatory duct

67
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

union of ampulla of vas deferens and seminal vesicle
-empties into prostatic urethra

2x ejaculatory ducts - one each side

68
Q

gamete motility

A

as move through conducting tubules

  • become capable of fertilization
  • by time sperm reach ductus deferens
69
Q

seminal vesicles

A

postero-inferior surface of bladder

  • irregular lumen with many folds
  • epithelium depends on testosterone
70
Q

function of seminal vesicle

A

produce and store mucus secretions

  • high in fructose and nutrition of sperm
  • do NOT store sperm
  • bulk of ejaculate
71
Q

prostate gland

A

inferior to bladder

  • surrounding urethra
  • 30-50 tubulo-alveolar glands
72
Q

3 zones of prostate

A

peripheral zone
transition zone
central zone - close to bladder

also periurethral zone

73
Q

BPH

A

nodular hyperplasia
-from glands in central zone\

compresses urethra

74
Q

most carcinomas?

A

peripheral zone

-palpable via DRE

75
Q

prostatic secretions

A

large proportion of ejaculate

  • thin, milky, alkaline fluid
  • reduces acidity of urethra in male and vagina in female

also contains acid phosphatase - aids in diagnosis of prostatic epithelial malignancies

76
Q

prostatic epithelial malignancies

A

look at acid phosphatase levels

77
Q

corpora amylacea

A

prostatic concretions build up

  • calcium deposit
  • increase as age
  • can start flow of secretions

may contribute to BPH??

78
Q

cowpers glands

A

aka bulbourethral glands
-pea-sized tubulo-aveolar gland

in muscle of UG diaphragm

ducts into penile urethra

79
Q

secretions of bulbourethral gland

A

clear, viscous, mucus substances - precum

  • lubricates urethra
  • secretion under control of erotic stimulation
80
Q

urethra

A

prostatic - through prostate
membranous - through UG diaphragm
penile - length of corpus cavernosum

81
Q

mucosal glands of littre/morgagni

A

tubular invaginations of epithelium

82
Q

erectile tissue

A

enclosed by CT capsule and connected to venus plexus

one corpus spongiosum - ventral

  • encloses urethra
  • enlarges as glans penis

two corpora cavernosa - dorsal

83
Q

epithleium over glans

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinizing

-continuous with urethral epithelium

84
Q

flaccid penis

A

helicine arteries - allow blood flow through arteriovenous shunts

85
Q

erection

A

PS stimulation

  • helicinic arteries straighten and open up
  • blood engorges penis
86
Q

tunica albuginea

A

prevent expansion when penis becomes turgid

87
Q

flaccidity returns

A

as helicine arteries recoil

  • shuts off blood to cavities
  • cavities slowly drained by venules
88
Q

ejaculation

A

erection - bulbourethral glands

prostate discharge - true ejaculation beginning
sperm forced into urethra by ductus deferens contractions
seminal vesicle - adds secretion

bulbospongiosus muscle - fores semen to outside
-compresses bulb of corpus spongiosum

89
Q

parasympathetics

A

cause erection

90
Q

sympathetic and somatic

A

ejaculation

91
Q

point and shoot

A

PS - erection

sympathetic and somatic - ejaculation

Endo Exam 2 (17 decks)

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