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Medicine Unit 7 > Histology of male reproduction > Flashcards

Histology of male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is shown in the image

A

sub fertility

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2
Q

what is shown in the image

A

prostatic enlargement

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3
Q

clinical relevance of the histology of the male reproductive system

A

sub fertility
prostatic enlargement

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4
Q

male factor infertility pre-testicular

A

HPT axis failure
lifestyle and genetics

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5
Q

testicular male factor infertility

A
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6
Q

post testicular male factor infertility

A
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7
Q

where does the production and maturation of sperm occur

A

testis and epididymis

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8
Q

testis function

A

spermatocytogenesis
spermiogenesis

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9
Q

epididymis function

A

mature and motile

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10
Q

which glands produce seminal fluid

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

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11
Q

which 3 components are involved in the transport of sperm and receiving seminal fluid

A

ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
penis

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12
Q

ductus deferens transporting and receiving

A

from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
receives fluid from the seminal vesicles

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13
Q

ejaculatory duct transporting and receiving

A

within the prostate
connects ductus deferent to urethra

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14
Q

penis transporting and receiving

A

contains urethra deposits sperm into female reproductive tract

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15
Q

label the image of the testes

A
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16
Q

what is in the image and label

A
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17
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

highly coiled
several cross sections
central lumen
well defined basement membrane and myofibrils for transport
contains germinal epithelium (sperm cells)
contains Sertoli cells

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18
Q

where are Sertoli cells located

A

in the seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

interstitium

A

outside of the seminiferous tubules
contains Leydig cells
fibroblasts
collagen
capillaries
lymph vessels

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20
Q

where are Leydig cells found

A

in the interstitium

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21
Q

cells of the testes

A

leydig
sertoli
sperm cells at various stages of development
basal lamina
capillaries
blood-testes barrier

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22
Q

label the image

A
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23
Q

which cells are hormone producing in the testes

A

leydig cells
Sertoli cells

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24
Q

leydig cells

A

interstitium
synthesise testosterone
respond to leutenising hormone

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25
Q

Sertoli cells

A

located in the seminiferous tubules
synthesis of hormones and proteins
respond to follicle stimulating hormone
support cells for spermatogenesis

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26
Q

what is in the image and how can these be located

A

leydig cells
find the basal lamina and look for cell in interstitium
round cell, round nucleus, Reinke’s crystalloid

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27
Q

what is in the image and how can these be located

A

Sertoli cells
find the basal lamina
look for cell in the seminiferous tubule
appears distinct in H&E
tall columnar cells, cytoplasmic extensions and tight junctions

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28
Q

function of Sertoli cells

A

guide sperm towards lumen (forms and re-forms junctions)
blood testes barrier (tight junctions, immunologically safe)
secretes fluid (move immobile sperm to epididymis)
transfer of nutrients
phagocytosis (residual cytoplasm and dead sperm)
produces (ABP, inhibin, AMH and oestrogens)

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29
Q

androgen binding protein

A

androgen binding protein binds to testosterone
decreased lipophilic property
high levels of testosterone is pre-requisite for spermatogenesis
concentration of testosterone in seminiferous tubules&raquo_space;> systemic circulation

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30
Q

what are the components of spermatogenesis

A

spermatocytogenesis
spermiogenesis

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31
Q

definition of spermatocytogenesis

A

spermatogonia undergo meiosis 1 and 2 to produce 4 haploid spermatids

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32
Q

spermiogenesis definition

A

each spermatid becomes a highly differentiate spermatozoa

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33
Q

primary spermatogonium

A

mitosis
renew stem cell population
prior to meiosis commencing

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34
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules
at basal lamina then moves towards lumen

35
Q

cell stages of spermatocytogenesis

A

primary spermatogonium
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
spermatids

36
Q

what are the 4 stages of spermiogenesis

A

Golgi phase
cap phase
acrosome phase
maturation phase

37
Q

Golgi phase

A

PAS-positive granules appear in the Golgi apparatus and fuse to form a membrane bound acrosomal vesicle close to the nuclear membrane
the vesicle enlarges and it is anterior pole
the two centrioles migrate to the posterior pole of the spermatid

38
Q

cpa phase

A

acrosomal vesicle changes shape to enclose the anterior half of the nucleus and becomes the acrosomal cap
nucleus condenses

39
Q

acrosome phase

A

dense nucleus flattens and elongates, at the posterior pole developing axonemal complex can be seen
excess cytoplasm migrates to the posterior pole (residual cytoplasm)
mitochondria line up along the mid-piece

40
Q

maturation phase

A

sperm cells move to the epididymis for maturation

41
Q

what is the clinical relevance of 64 days

A

semen analysis
so will be re-analysed longer than 64 days apart
as infections or fever could affect semen

42
Q

label 1-5

A
  1. spermatogonia
  2. spermatocytes
  3. spermatids
  4. spermatozoa
  5. Sertoli cells
43
Q

label the spermatozoa

A
  1. acrosome
  2. cell membrane
  3. nucleus
  4. mitochondria
  5. head
  6. midpiece/neck
  7. tail/ flagellum
44
Q

spermatozoa head function

A

nuclear size: reduced histones, replaced by protamines which allow tighter DNA packing, situated in head, oval shaped and small relative to diploid
acrosome- modified lysosome, enzymes, condenses into a cap to penetrate oocyte
loss of organelle

45
Q

Spermatozoa neck function

A

centriole

46
Q

Spermatozoa mid-piece

A

only other cell organelle
energy for motility

47
Q

Spermatozoa tail function

A

modified cilium, originates close to nucleus, mitochondria wrap around mid-piece
sheath reinforced proteins, principle piece
plasma membrane, end piece
confers motility

48
Q

clinical relevance of semen analysis

A

accounts for 50% of infertility issues
primary investigation is semen analysis

49
Q

what needs to be measured in semen analysis

A

volume
sperm concentration
total sperm per ejaculate
normally formed spermatozoa
motility
progressive motility
spermatozoa vitality
anti-sperm antibodies

50
Q

4 main categories in semen analysis

A

quantity
morphology
motility
vitality

51
Q

normal semen analysis results

A
52
Q

how important is sperm concentration

A
53
Q

how important is morphology

A

insufficient criterium for prognosis of fertility

54
Q

epididymis information

A

3-4 m in length
maturation
stabilisation of cell membrane
motility

55
Q

ductus deferens function

A

storage site
for several months

56
Q

ductus deferens function

A

storage site
for several months

57
Q

what is in the image and what is its function

A
58
Q

what is in the image and what is its function

A
59
Q

semen production upon ejaculation

A

sperm transported form ductus deferens
receive seminal fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands
now called semen
transported from ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra

60
Q

transport pathway in ejaculation

A

sperm from the ductus deferens
receives seminal fluid from glands
semen transported to ejaculatory duct to urethra

61
Q

location of the seminal vesicles

A

posterior aspect of the bladder
drains into the ampulla of the vas deferens and denotes the beginning of the ejaculatory duct

62
Q

secretion from the seminal vesicles

A

secretes thick alkaline fluid with fructose and coagulation factors
60-70% of the final volume

63
Q

prostate location

A

inferior aspect of the bladder

64
Q

prostate secretion

A

thin milk fluid with citrate, zinc etc
prostate specific antigen: liquefies coagulated ejaculate
20% of the final volume of semen

65
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

within the prostate the ejaculatory duct joins the urethra

66
Q

what is the prostate divided into

A

5 lobes based on position relative to the ejaculatory duct and urethra

67
Q

label the prostate

A
68
Q

histological percentages of the prostate

A

central 25%
transitional 5-10%
peripheral 65%
stroma, anteriorly placed and makes up the rest of the gland, relatively non-secretory

69
Q

major components of the prostate

A

epithelium
glands
secretions

69
Q

major components of the prostate

A

epithelium
glands
secretions

70
Q

prostate secretory glands

A

open into the urethra
sit in supportive stroll network of fibroblasts, collagen and smooth muscle

71
Q

septa in prostate

A

étend internally into ill-defined lobes

72
Q

prostate ducts

A

open into the urethral sinuses on either side of a longitudinal ridge called the urethral crest

73
Q

label the image of the prostate

A
74
Q

label the prostate glands and name their openings

A

Inner periurethral
Opens directly into urethra

Outer periurethral
Opens via short ducts into urethra

Peripheral Zone
Opens via long ducts into urethra

75
Q

what is in the image and discuss

A

The epithelium has folds and contains
tall columnar / cuboidal cells with pale cytoplasm (C)
basal pale-staining nuclei are also present (B)
The secretory products include acid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin, amylase and other proteins
In older individuals, condensed glycoprotein secretions may calcify in the lumen and are called corpora amylacea (CA)

76
Q

location of bulbourethral glands

A

pea-sized glands embedded within the external urethral sphincter
sits between pelvic floor and urogenital triangle
drains into the membranous urethra

77
Q

bulbourethral glands secretion

A

secretes mucus
10% of final volume of semen

78
Q

penis/ejaculate

A

ejaculate is 90% semen and 10% sperm
semen transported through penile urethra
deposited into upper vagina and must travel to the site of fertilisation

79
Q

label image

A
80
Q

corpora cavernosum

A

smooth muscle
sinusoids
abundant vascular supply

81
Q

mechanism of penile erection

A

POINT=PARASYMPATHETIC
SM relaxation
dilatation arteries
veins flattened
blood trapped

82
Q

label the image

A
83
Q

histology of the penis

A

Medicine Unit 7 (26 decks)

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