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Medicine Unit 7 > Endocrinology and puberty > Flashcards

Endocrinology and puberty Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of endocrine signalling

A

Stimulus
Endocrine cells sense stimulus and secretes hormone in response to bloodstream
Change in activity in distant cells with appropriate receptors

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2
Q

Primary endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Pineal
Parathyroid

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3
Q

Organs with secondary endocrine functions

A

Heart
Thymus
GI tract
Kidneys
Gonads

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4
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

Protein/peptide
Steroid
Amine

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5
Q

Protein/peptide hormones

A
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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A
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7
Q

Amine hormones

A
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8
Q

Peptide hormones activating target cells

A

Bind to cell surface receptors
Act via second messengers
Cause rapid change in biochemical activity
Release of stored compounds and alteration of gene transcription

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9
Q

Steroid hormones activation of target cells

A

Diffuse through the cell membrane
Bind cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
Act as transcription factors
Alteration in gene expression

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10
Q

What regulates plasma hormone concentration

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

How do target cells change their sensitivity or responsiveness to hormones

A

Change in receptor affinity for ligand or activity
Change in amount of receptor

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12
Q

Change in receptor affinity for ligand or activity

A

Via covalent modification or action of inhibitors on receptor or signalling molecule

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13
Q

Change in amount of receptor

A

Decreased number of receptors
Decreased sensitivity to stimulus
Long term exposure to constant stimulus abolishes target response to it
Cells respond to changes in stimulus rather than quantity
Internalisation of GPCR= desensitisation

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14
Q

Categories of primary sexual characteristics

A

Gonads
Internal genitalia
External genitalia

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15
Q

Female gonads

A

Ovaries
Oocytes
Follicles

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16
Q

Female internal genitalia

A

Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Upper vagina

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17
Q

External genitalia female

A

Labia Minorca
Labia Majorca
Clitoris

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18
Q

Male gonads

A

Testes: sertoli and leading cells
Spermatogonial stem cells
Seminiferous tubules

19
Q

Male internal genitalia

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles

20
Q

External genitalia male

A

Penis
Safe
Scrotum
Glans penis

21
Q

When do primary sexual characteristics develop

A

During foetal development

22
Q

Master switching gene in primary sexual characteristics

A

SRY gene
On the Y chromosome
Causes somatic cells of genital ridge to become the testis

23
Q

What causes the trigger of development of male internal and external genitalia

A

Testosterone and mullerian inhibiting
Triggers development of male internal and external development

24
Q

Absence of the SRY gene

A

Ovaries will develop
Ovarian endocrine activity isn’t essential for development of female primary sexual features

25
Q

Describe signalling process to determine male and female characteristics sexual

A
26
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Testicular feminisation
X linked recessive
Functioning SRY gene forms testes
Produces testosterone and MIH
Inactivating genetic mutation in androgen receptor gene
Decreases testosterone signalling in target cells
Leads to female external genitalia to develop from common primordial
Absence of any internal genitalia

27
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Loss of 21-hydroxylase function
Decreased corticosteroids and increased androgens
Cortisol down regulates ACTH and CRH secretion
Via negative needback
ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland growth and activity of steroid synthesis enzymes

28
Q

5 alpha reductive deficiency/ guevodoces

A

46 x y infant
Female looking external and pseudo aging
At puberty functional penis and male secondary characteristics develop
Mutation in 5 alpha reductive causes inability to produce dihydrotestosterone, high affinity for AR

29
Q

Pseudovagina

A

Both gonads and internal genital organs are male

30
Q

What is puberty

A

Sexual maturation and fertility
Physical and behavioural changes: secondary sexual features, growth
Definitive signs

31
Q

Definitive signs of puberty

A

Menarche in girls
First ejaculaiton in boyss

32
Q

How does puberty start

A

Hypothalamus releases gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Stimulates anterior pituitary, gonadotrophins secrete FSH and LH
To the gonads

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad or HPG axis

33
Q

Hypothalamus activation hypothesis

A

Childhood: regulatory synaptic inputs to the GnRH-producing neuron will inhibit the hypothalamic GnRH secretion
Leptin is important factor involved in puberty intimidation
Leptin bins to LepR and activates Kiss1 neurons
Synapse onto GnRH secreting neurons
Increased kisspeptin signalling
Activation of GnRH secreting neurons
Increased GnRH secretion increased LH and FSH
Increased sex steroids

34
Q

Mean age at menarche decreasing

A

High daily energy intake
Associated with higher Leptin levels
Lower age at menarche

35
Q

Where do gametes originate from

A

Primordial germ cells

36
Q

Male gamete production

A

LH stimulates lending celsl to make testosterone: spermatogenesis, maintains secondary sexual features, support secretory activity of accessory sex glands
FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce estradiol,androgen-binding protein, inhibit and growth factors For spermatogenesis

37
Q

Sperm production

A

Before puberty prospermatogonia are quiescent
At puberty they start mitotic division
Spermatogenesis takes around 64 days

38
Q

female gametes maturation

A

LH and FSH required for maturation of a follicle and subsequent ovulation of oocyte
contribute to oestrogen and progesterone secretion

39
Q

growth spurt

A

early: low sex steroids to hypothalamus releases GHRH to pituitary

;ate: hypothalamus GHRH to pituiatyr and secretes GH
releases IGF-1

causes increased longituidnal bone growth and epiphyseal growth plate fusion= cessation of longitudinal bone growth

40
Q

secondary sexual characteristics developmetn

A

hypothalamus releases GnRH
to anterior pituitary
releases LH and FSH
to the adrenal crotex and gonads
releases oestrogens and androgens

41
Q

female secondary characteristics

A

development of breast tissues, enlargement of genitalia, increase in body
fat,

42
Q

male secondary charactersitics

A

enlargement of genitalia, deep voice, increase in lean body mass and strength, facial

43
Q

effect of testosterone on behaviour

A

testosterone is important for the development and maintenance of male sexual behaviour but other factors are also crucial (e.g. learning, social interactions, biological)

44
Q

menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour

A

Increase in intercourse frequency and desire around ovulation
as
↑ female libido and sexual behaviour
↑ women’s sexual attractiveness to males
BUT other factors are involved (e.g. personal motivation, past experiences, cultural & social factors) as ovarectomy does not cause loss of libido

Medicine Unit 7 (26 decks)

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