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Medicine Unit 7 > Endocrinology and puberty > Flashcards

Endocrinology and puberty Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of endocrine signalling

A

Stimulus
Endocrine cells sense stimulus and secretes hormone in response to bloodstream
Change in activity in distant cells with appropriate receptors

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2
Q

Primary endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Pineal
Parathyroid

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3
Q

Organs with secondary endocrine functions

A

Heart
Thymus
GI tract
Kidneys
Gonads

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4
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

Protein/peptide
Steroid
Amine

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5
Q

Protein/peptide hormones

A
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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A
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7
Q

Amine hormones

A
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8
Q

Peptide hormones activating target cells

A

Bind to cell surface receptors
Act via second messengers
Cause rapid change in biochemical activity
Release of stored compounds and alteration of gene transcription

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9
Q

Steroid hormones activation of target cells

A

Diffuse through the cell membrane
Bind cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
Act as transcription factors
Alteration in gene expression

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10
Q

What regulates plasma hormone concentration

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

How do target cells change their sensitivity or responsiveness to hormones

A

Change in receptor affinity for ligand or activity
Change in amount of receptor

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12
Q

Change in receptor affinity for ligand or activity

A

Via covalent modification or action of inhibitors on receptor or signalling molecule

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13
Q

Change in amount of receptor

A

Decreased number of receptors
Decreased sensitivity to stimulus
Long term exposure to constant stimulus abolishes target response to it
Cells respond to changes in stimulus rather than quantity
Internalisation of GPCR= desensitisation

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14
Q

Categories of primary sexual characteristics

A

Gonads
Internal genitalia
External genitalia

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15
Q

Female gonads

A

Ovaries
Oocytes
Follicles

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16
Q

Female internal genitalia

A

Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Upper vagina

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17
Q

External genitalia female

A

Labia Minorca
Labia Majorca
Clitoris

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18
Q

Male gonads

A

Testes: sertoli and leading cells
Spermatogonial stem cells
Seminiferous tubules

19
Q

Male internal genitalia

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles

20
Q

External genitalia male

A

Penis
Safe
Scrotum
Glans penis

21
Q

When do primary sexual characteristics develop

A

During foetal development

22
Q

Master switching gene in primary sexual characteristics

A

SRY gene
On the Y chromosome
Causes somatic cells of genital ridge to become the testis

23
Q

What causes the trigger of development of male internal and external genitalia

A

Testosterone and mullerian inhibiting
Triggers development of male internal and external development

24
Q

Absence of the SRY gene

A

Ovaries will develop
Ovarian endocrine activity isn’t essential for development of female primary sexual features

25
Describe signalling process to determine male and female characteristics sexual
26
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Testicular feminisation X linked recessive Functioning SRY gene forms testes Produces testosterone and MIH Inactivating genetic mutation in androgen receptor gene Decreases testosterone signalling in target cells Leads to female external genitalia to develop from common primordial Absence of any internal genitalia
27
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Loss of 21-hydroxylase function Decreased corticosteroids and increased androgens Cortisol down regulates ACTH and CRH secretion Via negative needback ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland growth and activity of steroid synthesis enzymes
28
5 alpha reductive deficiency/ guevodoces
46 x y infant Female looking external and pseudo aging At puberty functional penis and male secondary characteristics develop Mutation in 5 alpha reductive causes inability to produce dihydrotestosterone, high affinity for AR
29
Pseudovagina
Both gonads and internal genital organs are male
30
What is puberty
Sexual maturation and fertility Physical and behavioural changes: secondary sexual features, growth Definitive signs
31
Definitive signs of puberty
Menarche in girls First ejaculaiton in boyss
32
How does puberty start
Hypothalamus releases gonadotrophin releasing hormone Stimulates anterior pituitary, gonadotrophins secrete FSH and LH To the gonads Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad or HPG axis
33
Hypothalamus activation hypothesis
Childhood: regulatory synaptic inputs to the GnRH-producing neuron will inhibit the hypothalamic GnRH secretion Leptin is important factor involved in puberty intimidation Leptin bins to LepR and activates Kiss1 neurons Synapse onto GnRH secreting neurons Increased kisspeptin signalling Activation of GnRH secreting neurons Increased GnRH secretion increased LH and FSH Increased sex steroids
34
Mean age at menarche decreasing
High daily energy intake Associated with higher Leptin levels Lower age at menarche
35
Where do gametes originate from
Primordial germ cells
36
Male gamete production
LH stimulates lending celsl to make testosterone: spermatogenesis, maintains secondary sexual features, support secretory activity of accessory sex glands FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce estradiol,androgen-binding protein, inhibit and growth factors For spermatogenesis
37
Sperm production
Before puberty prospermatogonia are quiescent At puberty they start mitotic division Spermatogenesis takes around 64 days
38
female gametes maturation
LH and FSH required for maturation of a follicle and subsequent ovulation of oocyte contribute to oestrogen and progesterone secretion
39
growth spurt
early: low sex steroids to hypothalamus releases GHRH to pituitary ;ate: hypothalamus GHRH to pituiatyr and secretes GH releases IGF-1 causes increased longituidnal bone growth and epiphyseal growth plate fusion= cessation of longitudinal bone growth
40
secondary sexual characteristics developmetn
hypothalamus releases GnRH to anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH to the adrenal crotex and gonads releases oestrogens and androgens
41
female secondary characteristics
development of breast tissues, enlargement of genitalia, increase in body fat,
42
male secondary charactersitics
enlargement of genitalia, deep voice, increase in lean body mass and strength, facial
43
effect of testosterone on behaviour
testosterone is important for the development and maintenance of male sexual behaviour but other factors are also crucial (e.g. learning, social interactions, biological)
44
menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour
Increase in intercourse frequency and desire around ovulation as ↑ female libido and sexual behaviour ↑ women’s sexual attractiveness to males BUT other factors are involved (e.g. personal motivation, past experiences, cultural & social factors) as ovarectomy does not cause loss of libido

Medicine Unit 7 (26 decks)

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