Histology Of Kidney And Ureter

Question 1

List 7 kidney functions

Answer 1

kidney functions
• Regulation of blood ionic composition
1. Regulation of blood pH
2. Regulation of blood volume
3. Regulation of blood pressure
4. Maintenance of blood osmolarity
5. Production of hormones (calcitrol and erythropoitin)
6. Regulation of blood glucose level
7. Excretion of wastes from metabolic reactions and foreign substances (drugs or toxins)

Question 2

——— – indent where ureter emerges along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Answer 2

Renal hilium – indent where ureter emerges along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Question 3

External anatomy
– 3 layers of tissue:

Answer 3

– 3 layers of tissue
1. Renal capsule
2. Adipose capsule
3. Renal fascia

Question 4

External anatomy of the kidney
——— – deep layer – continuous with outer coat of ureter, barrier against trauma, maintains kidney shape

Answer 4

Renal capsule – deep layer – continuous with outer coat of ureter, barrier against trauma, maintains kidney shape

Question 5

Renal capsule of the kidney Comprised of 2 layers
• Outer mainly consist of ————
• Inner mainly has ————

Answer 5

Comprised of 2 layers
• Outer mainly consist of collagen fibers
• Inner mainly has myofibroblast

Question 6

——— – mass of fatty tissue that protects kidney from trauma and holds it in place

Answer 6

Adipose capsule – mass of fatty tissue that protects kidney from trauma and holds it in place

Question 7

——— – superficial layer – thin layer of connective tissue that anchors kidney to surrounding structures and abdominal wall

Answer 7

Renal fascia – superficial layer – thin layer of connective tissue that anchors kidney to surrounding structures and abdominal wall

Question 8

Internal anatomy of the kidney consists of

Answer 8

Internal anatomy
– Renal cortex – superficial
– Renal medulla – inner region
– Renal lobe

Question 9

Internal anatomy
– Renal cortex – superficial
List 3 things it contains
– Renal medulla – inner region
What does it contain
– Renal lobe – describe the renal lobe

Answer 9

Internal anatomy
– Renal cortex – superficial
• Outer cortical zone
• Inner juxtamedullary zone
• Renal columns

– Renal medulla – inner region
• Several cone shaped renal pyramids

– Renal lobe – renal pyramid, overlying cortex area, and 1⁄2 of each adjacent renal column

Question 10

• ——— – portions of cortex that extend between renal pyramids

Answer 10

Renal columns

Question 11

• Several cone shaped renal pyramids – base faces —— and renal papilla points toward ——

Answer 11

Cortex
Hilum

Question 12

A ———— is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those Nephrons that are served by a common collecting duct.

Answer 12

A renal lobule is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those Nephrons that are served by a common collecting duct.

Question 13

Lobes and lobules
• Lobes are located btw adjacent renal columns with peripheral limits within medulla being the ———
• A renal lobule is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those nephrons that are drained by a common———
• At the cortex, the collecting duct lies at the axis of lobule, being surrounded by ——— or network comprising of ——, —— and ——
• Lobules are centered on “——“, which are bundles of straight tubules (collecting ducts and loops of Henle)
• Within the cortex, peripheral limits of a lobule are the ———while in medulla, limits of lobules are ———

Answer 13

Lobes and lobules
• Lobes are located btw adjacent renal columns with peripheral limits within medulla being the interlobar arteries
• A renal lobule is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those nephrons is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those nephrons that are drained by a common collecting duct.

• At the cortex, the collecting duct lies at the axis of lobule, being surrounded by corticolabyrinth or network comprising of renal corpuscles, PCT and DCT
• Lobules are centered on “medullary rays“, which are bundles of straight tubules (collecting ducts are centered on “medullary rays“, which are bundles of straight tubules (collecting ducts and loops of Henle)
• Within the cortex, peripheral limits of a lobule are the interlobular blood vessels while in medulla, limits of lobules are not defined

Question 14

—— are tubules in which urine is formed is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 14

Nephron

Question 15

List the 5 parts of the nephron

Answer 15

Consist of 5 parts;
i. Renal corpuscle,
ii. Proximal convoluted tubule iii. Medullary loop (loop of
Henle)
iv. Distal convoluted tubule v. Collecting duct

Question 16

Renal corpuscle consists of

Answer 16

Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule

Question 17

i. Renal corpuscle
• —— arterioles enter while the —— arterioles leave the glomerulus at —— pole while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at —— pole
• Capillaries forming glomerulus are ——- and their endothelium rests on a thick ———
• Bowman’s capsule comprise of inner —— and outer —— layers and Bowmans space in btw the layers
• Parietal layer is formed by simple ‘No——
cells while
• Visceral is formed by ———, whose foot processes (pedicels) contact glomerular blood capillaries
• The connective tissue stroma of the glomerulus is constituted by ——- cells, which support the ———

Answer 17

i. Renal corpuscle
• Efferent arterioles enter while the afferent arterioles leave the glomerulus at vascular pole while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at renal pole
• Capillaries forming glomerulus are fenestrated and their endothelium rests on a thick basal lamina
• Bowman’s capsule comprise of inner visceral and outer parietal layers and Bowmans space in btw the layers

i. Renal corpuscle
• Parietal layer is formed by simple squamous
cells while
• Visceral is formed by podocytes, whose foot processes (pedicels) contact glomerular blood capillaries
• The connective tissue stroma of the glomerulus is constituted by mesangial cells, which support the glomerular capillaries

Question 18

MESENGIAL CELLS
• found within the ———.
• These cells secrete a matrix of basement membrane-like material to support the structure of the ——-.

Answer 18

MESENGIAL CELLS
• found within the glomerulus.
• These cells secrete a matrix of basement membrane-like material to support the structure of the glomerulus.

Question 19

PROXIMAL CONVULATED
TUBULE
• Commences at —— pole
• Occupies major part of ——
• Absorb ——,
• Reabsorption of ——, —— and —— (obligatory)
•
• Lined by ———epithithelium resting on a thin b. lamina
• Tubule cells have —— on their luminal surfaces (typical brush border)
• Tubule cells appear striated due to
numerous ———-
Does it have plenty mitochondria

Answer 19

Longest and tortous part of nephron
• Commences at urinary pole
• Occupies major part of cortex
• Show brush border
• Absorb sodium

ii.Proximal convoluted tubule
• Reabsorption of water, nutrients and solids (obligatory)
•
• Lined by simple cuboidal epithithelium resting on a thin b. lamina
• Tubule cells have microvilli on their luminal surfaces (typical brush border)
• Tubule cells appear striated due to
numerous basal infoldings & plenty of mitochondria

Question 20

The longest and tortuous part of the nephron is

Answer 20

PCT

Question 21

Another name for loop of henle

Answer 21

Medullary loop

Question 22

LOOP OF HENLE
The thin segment of Henle’s loop leads into the straight part of the distal tubule, which is formed by low ——- cells (without/with?)a brush border. Are microvilli are present?
Epithelial cells in the ascending parts of the intermediate and straight distal tubules cells transport —— (active) and ——— (passive) out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding ——— space.
The epithelium can not be penetrated by ——. Consequently, the transport of ions over the epithelium sets up a gradient in osmotic pressure, which serves as driving force in the further concentration of the urine.

• Functions as a counter-current multiplier system to determines osmolarity of urine;
• blood flow in the loop is counter to that in medullary vasa recta.
• Extends from corticomedullary junction to medulla
• Consists of an descending limb, a thin segment and a ascending limb
• The thin part is lined by simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin BL;
• the sq cells bulge into the lumen of tubul

Answer 22

LOOP OF HENLE
The thin segment of Henle’s loop leads into the straight part of the distal tubule, which is formed by low cuboidal cells without a brush border. A few short microvilli are present
Epithelial cells in the ascending parts of the intermediate and straight distal tubules cells transport chloride (active) and sodium ions (passive) out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding peritubular space.
The epithelium can not be penetrated by water. Consequently, the transport of ions over the epithelium sets up a gradient in osmotic pressure, which serves as driving force in the further concentration of the urine.
• Functions as a counter-current multiplier system to determines osmolarity of urine;
• blood flow in the loop is counter to that in medullary vasa recta.
• Extends from corticomedullary junction to medulla
• Consists of an descending limb, a thin segment and a ascending limb
• The thin part is lined by simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin BL;
• the sq cells bulge into the lumen of tubul

Question 23

DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE
• Slightly tortous
• Lined by ——— epithelium
• Absorption of ——— and ——-
• Reabsorbs most of substances contained in ultrafiltrate especially —— and —— (mainly facultative)
• Reabsorption regulated by 2 hormones, which are
• Continues from the —— and extends to ——— within cortex
• Lined by ———
epithelium resting on a thin Basal lamina
• The cells have microvilli?
The cells are striated?, if T with ———the cells have mitochondria?
• Its epithelial cells stain less ——— compared to those of PCT

Answer 23

DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE
• Slightly tortous
• Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
• Absorption of sodium and chloride

iv.Distal convoluted tubule
• Reabsorbs most of substances contained in ultrafiltrate especially glucosa and amino acids (mainly facultative)
• Reabsorption regulated by ADH and aldosterone
• Continues from the medullary. loop and extends to collecting tubule within cortex

iv.Distal convoluted tubule • Lined by low simple cuboidal
epithelium resting on a thin BL
• The cells lack microvilli but are striated, with basal infoldings and but less mitochondria
• Its epithelial cells stain less osmophilic compared to those of PCT

Question 24

Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Formed where the —— contacts the ——— of parent r. corpuscle
• Constituted by 3 cell types;which are

Answer 24

Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Formed where the DCT contacts the afferent arteriole of parent r. corpuscle
• Constituted by 3 cell types
Macula densa
JG cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 25

Juxtaglomerular apparatus
i. macular densa cells of DCT (t. cells that become ——- epithelium& closely packed)
ii.Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole (——— muscle cells of tunica media that become what shape and contain —— granules)
iii. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (similar to those within glomerulus and surrounded by (thick/thin?) BL)

Answer 25

Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Constituted by 3 cell types;
i. macular densa cells of DCT (t. cells that become columnar & closely packed)
ii.Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole (smooth muscle cells of tunica media that become spherical and contain renin granules)
iii. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (similar to those within glomerulus and surrounded by thick BL)

Question 26

ii.Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole contain renin granules
Produce renin which converts ——— to ———, (a vasoconstricter which raises bld pressure thus flow of ultrafiltrate)

Answer 26

)

ii.Juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole (smooth muscle cells of tunica media that become spherical and contain renin granules)
Produce renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin, (a vasoconstricter which raises bld pressure thus flow of ultrafiltrate)

Question 27

MACULA DENSA
• Specialized region of ——
• Cells are ——- epithelium
• Closely packed nuclei T or F
• Thick and continuous basal lamina T or F
• Release which hormone

Answer 27

MACULA DENSA
• Specialized region of DCT
• Cells are tall columnar
• Closely packed nuclei
• Thin and discontinuous basal lamina
• Release renin

Question 28

JUXTA GLOMERULAR CELLS
• Present adjacent to ———
• Epithelioid cells in tunica ——
• Large in size T or F
• ———- lamina is absent

Answer 28

JUXTA GLOMERULAR CELLS
• Present adjacent to macula densa
• Epithelioid cells in tunica media
• Large in size
• Internal elastic lamina is absent

Question 29

EXTRA GLOMERULAR
MESENGIAL CELLS
• Form a cushion of cells between —— and ———
• Structurally resemble ———— cells

Answer 29

EXTRA GLOMERULAR
MESENGIAL CELLS
• Form a cushion of cells between afferent and efferent arteriole
• Structurally resemble intraglomerular cells
• Functional significance not clear

Question 30

v. Collecting tubule
• Drain urine from nephron to ———
• Lie on———— within cortex
• Progressively increase in ——— towards medulla
• CD are lined by epithelium that has 2 cell types
1.
2.
• Both cell types rest on a thin BM and lack ——-
• Permeability of CD to water and ions is
regulated by which hormone

Answer 30

v. Collecting tubule
• Drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis
• Lie on medullary ray within cortex
• Progressively increase in diameter towards medullar
• In inner medullar, CD from different renal lobes unite to form large papillary ducts, which open into renal pelvis

• CD are lined by epithelium that has 2 cell types
1. collecting duct cells – cuboidal in cortical part, columnar in medullary
2. intercalated /dark cells- resemble those of DCT but bulge into lumen of the CD
• Both cell types rest on a thin BM and lack basal infoldings
• Permeability of CD to water and ions is regulated by ADH

Question 31

• CD are lined by epithelium that has 2 cell types
1. collecting duct cells – —— epithelium in cortical part, ——— in medullary
2. intercalated /dark cells- resemble those of DCT but do what into lumen of the CD

Answer 31

• CD are lined by epithelium that has 2 cell types
1. collecting duct cells – cuboidal in cortical part, columnar in medullary
2. intercalated /dark cells- resemble those of DCT but bulge into lumen of the CD

Question 32

URETER
• Conducts urine from —— to ——
Has 3 TisSue Layers
1.
2.
3.

Answer 32

URETER
• Conducts urine from kidney to bladder
Has 3 TisSue Layers
1. Tunica mucosa;
2. T. muscularis;
3. T. serosa/ adventitia

Question 33

URETER
• Conducts urine from kidney to bladder
Has 3 TisSue Layers
1. Tunica mucosa; lined by how many to how many cell layer of ——— epith that rests on lamina propria of loose c. tissue having bld vessels, lymphatics and with tubular mucus glands in the equidae
2. T. muscularis; has inner and outer —— and middle layer of —— muscles
3. T. serosa/ adventitia

Answer 33

URETER
• Conducts urine from kidney to bladder
Has 3 TisSue Layers
1. Tunica mucosa; lined by 5-6 cell layer of transitional epith that rests on lamina propria of loose c. tissue having bld vessels, lymphatics and with tubular mucus glands in the equidae
2. T. muscularis; has inner and outer longitudinal and middle layer of smooth muscles
3. T. serosa/ adventitia

Question 34

Urethra
Tissue layers include

Answer 34

Urethra
T. Mucosa
. T. muscularis;
. T. serosa/ adventitia

Question 35

Urethra
3. T. muscularis; has inner and outer ——— and middle layer of —— muscles as in bladder
❑ but towards external urethral orifice, it acquires an external layer of skeletal muscle called ——— muscle
4. T. serosa/ adventitia

Answer 35

Urethra
3. T. muscularis; has inner and outer longitidinal and middle layer of smooth muscles as in bladder
❑ but towards external urethral orifice, it acquires an external layer of skeletal muscle called striated urethralis muscle
4. T. serosa/ adventitia