Histology Of Kidney And Ureter Flashcards
List 7 kidney functions
kidney functions
• Regulation of blood ionic composition
1. Regulation of blood pH
2. Regulation of blood volume
3. Regulation of blood pressure
4. Maintenance of blood osmolarity
5. Production of hormones (calcitrol and erythropoitin)
6. Regulation of blood glucose level
7. Excretion of wastes from metabolic reactions and foreign substances (drugs or toxins)
——— – indent where ureter emerges along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Renal hilium – indent where ureter emerges along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
External anatomy
– 3 layers of tissue:
– 3 layers of tissue
1. Renal capsule
2. Adipose capsule
3. Renal fascia
External anatomy of the kidney
——— – deep layer – continuous with outer coat of ureter, barrier against trauma, maintains kidney shape
Renal capsule – deep layer – continuous with outer coat of ureter, barrier against trauma, maintains kidney shape
Renal capsule of the kidney Comprised of 2 layers
• Outer mainly consist of ————
• Inner mainly has ————
Comprised of 2 layers
• Outer mainly consist of collagen fibers
• Inner mainly has myofibroblast
——— – mass of fatty tissue that protects kidney from trauma and holds it in place
Adipose capsule – mass of fatty tissue that protects kidney from trauma and holds it in place
——— – superficial layer – thin layer of connective tissue that anchors kidney to surrounding structures and abdominal wall
Renal fascia – superficial layer – thin layer of connective tissue that anchors kidney to surrounding structures and abdominal wall
Internal anatomy of the kidney consists of
Internal anatomy
– Renal cortex – superficial
– Renal medulla – inner region
– Renal lobe
Internal anatomy
– Renal cortex – superficial
List 3 things it contains
– Renal medulla – inner region
What does it contain
– Renal lobe – describe the renal lobe
Internal anatomy
– Renal cortex – superficial
• Outer cortical zone
• Inner juxtamedullary zone
• Renal columns
– Renal medulla – inner region
• Several cone shaped renal pyramids
– Renal lobe – renal pyramid, overlying cortex area, and 1⁄2 of each adjacent renal column
• ——— – portions of cortex that extend between renal pyramids
Renal columns
• Several cone shaped renal pyramids – base faces —— and renal papilla points toward ——
Cortex
Hilum
A ———— is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those Nephrons that are served by a common collecting duct.
A renal lobule is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those Nephrons that are served by a common collecting duct.
Lobes and lobules
• Lobes are located btw adjacent renal columns with peripheral limits within medulla being the ———
• A renal lobule is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those nephrons that are drained by a common———
• At the cortex, the collecting duct lies at the axis of lobule, being surrounded by ——— or network comprising of ——, —— and ——
• Lobules are centered on “——“, which are bundles of straight tubules (collecting ducts and loops of Henle)
• Within the cortex, peripheral limits of a lobule are the ———while in medulla, limits of lobules are ———
Lobes and lobules
• Lobes are located btw adjacent renal columns with peripheral limits within medulla being the interlobar arteries
• A renal lobule is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those nephrons is defined as a portion of the kidney containing those nephrons that are drained by a common collecting duct.
• At the cortex, the collecting duct lies at the axis of lobule, being surrounded by corticolabyrinth or network comprising of renal corpuscles, PCT and DCT
• Lobules are centered on “medullary rays“, which are bundles of straight tubules (collecting ducts are centered on “medullary rays“, which are bundles of straight tubules (collecting ducts and loops of Henle)
• Within the cortex, peripheral limits of a lobule are the interlobular blood vessels while in medulla, limits of lobules are not defined
—— are tubules in which urine is formed is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
List the 5 parts of the nephron
Consist of 5 parts;
i. Renal corpuscle,
ii. Proximal convoluted tubule iii. Medullary loop (loop of
Henle)
iv. Distal convoluted tubule v. Collecting duct
Renal corpuscle consists of
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
i. Renal corpuscle
• —— arterioles enter while the —— arterioles leave the glomerulus at —— pole while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at —— pole
• Capillaries forming glomerulus are ——- and their endothelium rests on a thick ———
• Bowman’s capsule comprise of inner —— and outer —— layers and Bowmans space in btw the layers
• Parietal layer is formed by simple ‘No——
cells while
• Visceral is formed by ———, whose foot processes (pedicels) contact glomerular blood capillaries
• The connective tissue stroma of the glomerulus is constituted by ——- cells, which support the ———
i. Renal corpuscle
• Efferent arterioles enter while the afferent arterioles leave the glomerulus at vascular pole while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at renal pole
• Capillaries forming glomerulus are fenestrated and their endothelium rests on a thick basal lamina
• Bowman’s capsule comprise of inner visceral and outer parietal layers and Bowmans space in btw the layers
i. Renal corpuscle
• Parietal layer is formed by simple squamous
cells while
• Visceral is formed by podocytes, whose foot processes (pedicels) contact glomerular blood capillaries
• The connective tissue stroma of the glomerulus is constituted by mesangial cells, which support the glomerular capillaries
MESENGIAL CELLS
• found within the ———.
• These cells secrete a matrix of basement membrane-like material to support the structure of the ——-.
MESENGIAL CELLS
• found within the glomerulus.
• These cells secrete a matrix of basement membrane-like material to support the structure of the glomerulus.
PROXIMAL CONVULATED
TUBULE
• Commences at —— pole
• Occupies major part of ——
• Absorb ——,
• Reabsorption of ——, —— and —— (obligatory)
•
• Lined by ———epithithelium resting on a thin b. lamina
• Tubule cells have —— on their luminal surfaces (typical brush border)
• Tubule cells appear striated due to
numerous ———-
Does it have plenty mitochondria
Longest and tortous part of nephron
• Commences at urinary pole
• Occupies major part of cortex
• Show brush border
• Absorb sodium
ii.Proximal convoluted tubule
• Reabsorption of water, nutrients and solids (obligatory)
•
• Lined by simple cuboidal epithithelium resting on a thin b. lamina
• Tubule cells have microvilli on their luminal surfaces (typical brush border)
• Tubule cells appear striated due to
numerous basal infoldings & plenty of mitochondria
The longest and tortuous part of the nephron is
PCT
Another name for loop of henle
Medullary loop
LOOP OF HENLE
The thin segment of Henle’s loop leads into the straight part of the distal tubule, which is formed by low ——- cells (without/with?)a brush border. Are microvilli are present?
Epithelial cells in the ascending parts of the intermediate and straight distal tubules cells transport —— (active) and ——— (passive) out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding ——— space.
The epithelium can not be penetrated by ——. Consequently, the transport of ions over the epithelium sets up a gradient in osmotic pressure, which serves as driving force in the further concentration of the urine.
• Functions as a counter-current multiplier system to determines osmolarity of urine;
• blood flow in the loop is counter to that in medullary vasa recta.
• Extends from corticomedullary junction to medulla
• Consists of an descending limb, a thin segment and a ascending limb
• The thin part is lined by simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin BL;
• the sq cells bulge into the lumen of tubul
LOOP OF HENLE
The thin segment of Henle’s loop leads into the straight part of the distal tubule, which is formed by low cuboidal cells without a brush border. A few short microvilli are present
Epithelial cells in the ascending parts of the intermediate and straight distal tubules cells transport chloride (active) and sodium ions (passive) out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding peritubular space.
The epithelium can not be penetrated by water. Consequently, the transport of ions over the epithelium sets up a gradient in osmotic pressure, which serves as driving force in the further concentration of the urine.
• Functions as a counter-current multiplier system to determines osmolarity of urine;
• blood flow in the loop is counter to that in medullary vasa recta.
• Extends from corticomedullary junction to medulla
• Consists of an descending limb, a thin segment and a ascending limb
• The thin part is lined by simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin BL;
• the sq cells bulge into the lumen of tubul
DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE
• Slightly tortous
• Lined by ——— epithelium
• Absorption of ——— and ——-
• Reabsorbs most of substances contained in ultrafiltrate especially —— and —— (mainly facultative)
• Reabsorption regulated by 2 hormones, which are
• Continues from the —— and extends to ——— within cortex
• Lined by ———
epithelium resting on a thin Basal lamina
• The cells have microvilli?
The cells are striated?, if T with ———the cells have mitochondria?
• Its epithelial cells stain less ——— compared to those of PCT
DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE
• Slightly tortous
• Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
• Absorption of sodium and chloride
iv.Distal convoluted tubule
• Reabsorbs most of substances contained in ultrafiltrate especially glucosa and amino acids (mainly facultative)
• Reabsorption regulated by ADH and aldosterone
• Continues from the medullary. loop and extends to collecting tubule within cortex
iv.Distal convoluted tubule • Lined by low simple cuboidal
epithelium resting on a thin BL
• The cells lack microvilli but are striated, with basal infoldings and but less mitochondria
• Its epithelial cells stain less osmophilic compared to those of PCT
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Formed where the —— contacts the ——— of parent r. corpuscle
• Constituted by 3 cell types;which are
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Formed where the DCT contacts the afferent arteriole of parent r. corpuscle
• Constituted by 3 cell types
Macula densa
JG cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
