Embryology Of Fore Gut Flashcards

1
Q

The GI tract is the main organ system derived from the ——— germ layer.
▪ This germ layer covers the ventral surface of the embryo and forms the —- of the yolk sac.
▪ With development and growth of the brain vesicles, the embryonic disc begins to fold ——.

A

The GI tract is the main organ system derived from the endodermal germ layer.
▪ This germ layer covers the ventral surface of the embryo and forms the roof of the yolk sac.
▪ With development and growth of the brain vesicles, the embryonic disc begins to fold cephalocaudally.

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2
Q

The folding is most pronounced in the regions of the — and —, where they form head and tail fold
▪ In the anterior part, the endoderm forms the —-; in the tail region, it forms the ——.

A

The folding is most pronounced in the regions of the head and tail, where they form head and tail fold
▪ In the anterior part, the endoderm forms the foregut; in the tail region, it forms the hindgut.

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3
Q

The part between foregut and hindgut is the ——. The midgut temporarily communicates with the yolk sac by way of a broad stalk, the ——-
▪ At its cephalic end, the foregut is temporarily bounded by an ectodermal-endodermal membrane called the —— membrane.

A

The part between foregut and hindgut is the midgut. The midgut temporarily communicates with the yolk sac by way of a broad stalk, the vitelline duct
▪ At its cephalic end, the foregut is temporarily bounded by an ectodermal-endodermal membrane called the buccopharyngeal membrane.

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4
Q

In the —- week, the buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures, establishing an open connection between the oral cavity and the primitive gut
▪ The hindgut also terminates temporarily at an ectodermal-endodermal membrane- the —- membrane, which breaks down in the ——week to create the opening for the anus.

A

In the 4th week, the buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures, establishing an open connection between the oral cavity and the primitive gut
▪ The hindgut also terminates temporarily at an ectodermal-endodermal membrane- the cloacal membrane, which breaks down in the 7th week to create the opening for the anus.

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5
Q

Extent of Foregut:
▪ Foregut starts from the —— and terminates at the level of ——— (the point where —— duct opens into —-)

A

Extent of Foregut:
▪ Foregut starts from the Oral cavity and terminates at the level of Ampulla of Vater (the point where common bile duct opens into Duodenum)

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6
Q

Gut-associated organs begin to form as buds from the ——-: (e.g., thyroid, lung, liver, pancreas)
Midgut opening to the yolk sac progressively ——

A

Gut-associated organs begin to form as buds from the endoderm: (e.g., thyroid, lung, liver, pancreas)
Midgut opening to the yolk sac progressively narrows

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7
Q

By the end of the first month:
The —— bulge is visible, ——pancreas has begun to bud
Connection of the midgut to the yolk sac is reduced to a ——-

A

By the end of the first month:
The stomach bulge is visible, Dorsal pancreas has begun to bud
Connection of the midgut to the yolk sac is reduced to a yolk stalk

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8
Q

A respiratory diverticulum develops from the —— of the foregut, divides the foregut into two parts:
▪ Part cranial to diverticulum - ——-
▪ Part caudal to diverticulum - ——-

A

A respiratory diverticulum develops from the floor of the foregut, divides the foregut into two parts:
▪ Part cranial to diverticulum - primitive pharynx
▪ Part caudal to diverticulum - foregut proper

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9
Q

List the derivatives of fore gut

A

Pharynx
Lower respiratory system
Oesophagus
Stomach
Proximal part of duodenum
Liver and biliary tree
Pancreas

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10
Q

Gut tube proper. Derivatives
Of gut tube

Fore :
Gut

Mid gut:

Hind gut:

A

Gut tube proper. Derivatives
Of gut tube

Fore : pharynx. Thyroid
esophagus. Parathyroid
stomach. Tympanic cavity
proximal duodenum. Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Liver,
gallbladder,
pancreas

Mid gut:distal duodenum
To right half of transverse
Colon

Hind gut:left half of. Urinary
Transverse colon. Bladder
To anus

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11
Q

The foregut derivatives except the pharynx, lower respiratory tract and most of esophagus are supplied by the ——— - the artery of the foregut

A

The foregut derivatives except the pharynx, lower respiratory tract and most of esophagus are supplied by the Celiac trunk- the artery of the foregut

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12
Q

Development of the Esophagus
▪ Esophagus develops from the foregut immediately caudal to the ——-
▪ The ——— septum separates it from the developing trachea

A

Development of the Esophagus
▪ Esophagus develops from the foregut immediately caudal to the primitive pharynx
▪ The tracheo-esophageal septum separates it from the developing trachea

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13
Q

Growth of
▪ Up to the —- week it is very short.
▪ Then, it elongates rapidly due to the descent of developing —- and —-.
▪ By the —- week it reaches its final position.
▪ Its lumen is completely or partially obliterated due to proliferation of its ——.

A

Growth of
▪ Up to the 4th week it is very short.
▪ Then, it elongates rapidly due to the descent of developing heart and lungs.
▪ By the 7th week it reaches its final position.
▪ Its lumen is completely or partially obliterated due to proliferation of its epithelial lining.

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14
Q

Duodenum
▪ The epithelial cells proliferate and obliterate the lumen (partly or completely) but ———-
▪ Recanalization normally occurs by the end of the —— period (—- wk)
▪ Failure of proper recanalization leads to narrowing of the lumen (also called—-)

A

▪ The epithelial cells proliferate and obliterate the lumen (partly or completely) but temporarily
▪ Recanalization normally occurs by the end of the embryonic period (8th wk)
▪ Failure of proper recanalization leads to narrowing of the lumen (stenosis)

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15
Q

▪Re-canalization of the oesophagus–errors in this process lead to ——-

A

▪Re-canalization –errors in this process lead to esophageal stenosis

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16
Q

▪ Epithelium & glands:
􏰀 Derived from —-
▪ Striated muscles (mainly in the —-):
􏰀 Derived from the ——-
▪ Smooth muscles (mainly in the —-):
􏰀 Derived from the surrounding ——-

A

▪ Epithelium & glands:
􏰀 Derived from endoderm
▪ Striated muscles (mainly in the superior third):
􏰀 Derived from the mesenchyme in the caudal pharyngeal arches
▪ Smooth muscles (mainly in the inferior third):
􏰀 Derived from the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm

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17
Q

Congenital malformations of
Esophagus
▪ Errors in forming the esophagotracheal septa and/or re-canalization- ———- and/or ——-, respectively.
▪ Atresia of Esophagus prevents the normal passage of amniotic fluid into the intestinal tract
leading to (———- accumulation of excess fluid in the amniotic sac)
▪ Short esophagus resulting in ——

A

Congenital malformations of
Esophagus
▪ Errors in forming the esophagotracheal septa and/or re-canalization- tracheoesophageal fistulas and/or esophageal atresia, respectively.
▪ Atresia of Esophagus prevents the normal passage of amniotic fluid into the intestinal tract
leading to (Polyhydroamnios)- accumulation of excess fluid in the amniotic sac
▪ Short esophagus resulting in hiatal hernia

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18
Q

▪Region of foregut just caudal to lung bud develops into ——
▪Endodermal lining is ——and proliferates such that the lumen is obliterated; patency of the lumen established by

A

▪Region of foregut just caudal to lung bud develops into esophagus –
▪Endodermal lining is stratified columnar and proliferates such that the lumen is obliterated; patency of the lumen established by

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19
Q

▪Region of foregut just caudal to lung bud develops into ——
▪Endodermal lining is ——and proliferates such that the lumen is obliterated; patency of the lumen established by

A

▪Region of foregut just caudal to lung bud develops into esophagus –
▪Endodermal lining is stratified columnar and proliferates such that the lumen is obliterated; patency of the lumen established by

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20
Q

Development of the Stomach
▪ In the middle of the —-
week, a fusiform
dilatation appears in the
caudal part of the foregut
(indicating site of future ——)
▪ This dilatation (oriented in the midline), enlarges and broadens ——

A

Development of the Stomach
▪ In the middle of the 4th
week, a fusiform
dilatation appears in the
caudal part of the foregut
(indicating site of future stomach)
▪ This dilatation (oriented in the midline), enlarges and broadens ventrodorsally

21
Q

During next —- weeks:
􏰀 The —- border grows much faster and forms the greater curvature
􏰀 The —- border forms the lesser curvature

A

During next 2 weeks:
􏰀 The dorsal border grows much faster and forms the greater curvature
􏰀 The ventral border forms the lesser curvature

22
Q

As stomach enlarges, it slowly rotates —- degrees, clockwise around its —- axis
As a result, the:
▪ The ventral border moves to the —- and the dorsal border to the —-
▪ The original left side becomes the —- surface and the original right side becomes the —- surface

A

As stomach enlarges, it slowly rotates 90 degrees, clockwise around its longitudinal axis
As a result, the:
▪ The ventral border moves to the right and the dorsal border to the left
▪ The original left side becomes the ventral surface and the original right side becomes the dorsal surface

23
Q

Left vagus nerve- innervates —- wall
▪ Right Vagus nerve- innervates —- wall

A

Left vagus nerve- innervates anterior wall
▪ Right Vagus nerve- innervates posterior wall

24
Q

▪ Initially the two ends of the stomach lie in the —-. During further growth:
􏰀 the cranial end moves to the — and slightly ——
􏰀 the caudal end moves to the —- and ——
▪ After rotation, stomach assumes its final position with its long axis almost transverse to the long axis of the ——

A

▪ Initially the two ends of the stomach lie in the midline. During further growth:
􏰀 the cranial end moves to the left and slightly inferiorly
􏰀 the caudal end moves to the right and superiorly
▪ After rotation, stomach assumes its final position with its long axis almost transverse to the long axis of the body

25
Q

Formation of the Lesser sac/Omental Bursa
▪ During its dev, the stomach is suspended in the midline with the help of double-layered mesenteries (——-),
▪ The Dorsal mesogastrium connects it to the —— body wall.
▪ The Ventral mesogastrium attaches the gut tube to the —- abdominal wall
▪ Rotation around the longitudinal axis pulls the ‘dorsal mesogastrium’ to the —-.
▪ This move leads to the formation of ‘Omental
Bursa’ (a pouch of peritoneal cavity located behind the ——).

A

Formation of the Lesser sac/Omental Bursa
▪ During its dev, the stomach is suspended in the midline with the help of double-layered mesenteries (mesogastrium),
▪ The Dorsal mesogastrium connects it to the post/dorsal body wall.
▪ The Ventral mesogastrium attaches the gut tube to the ant abdominal wall
▪ Rotation around the longitudinal axis pulls the ‘dorsal mesogastrium’ to the left.
▪ This move leads to the formation of ‘Omental
Bursa’ (a pouch of peritoneal cavity located behind the stomach).

26
Q

Formation of Greater & Lesser Omenta
▪ With the rotation of stomach, the greater curvature along with the attached dorsal mesogastrium becomes the ‘——’
▪ While the ventral mesogastrium lying between the lesser curvature of stomach & the inferior surface of liver- ‘———

A

Formation of Greater & Lesser Omenta
▪ With the rotation of stomach, the greater curvature along with the attached dorsal mesogastrium becomes the ‘Greater Omentum’
▪ While the ventral mesogastrium lying between the lesser curvature of stomach & the inferior surface of liver- ‘Lesser Omentum’

27
Q

Formation of Greater & Lesser Omenta
▪ With the rotation of stomach, the —- curvature along with the attached —-/ becomes the ‘Greater Omentum’
▪ While the —- mesogastrium lying between the lesser curvature of stomach & the —- surface of liver- ‘Lesser Omentum’

A

Formation of Greater & Lesser Omenta
▪ With the rotation of stomach, the greater curvature along with the attached dorsal mesogastrium becomes the ‘Greater Omentum’
▪ While the ventral mesogastrium lying between the lesser curvature of stomach & the inferior surface of liver- ‘Lesser Omentum’

28
Q

Stomach Abnormalities
▪ ——— occurs when musculature of the stomach in the region of the pylorus hypertrophies.
▪ Is one of the most common abnormalities of the stomach in infants- believed to develop during fetal life.
▪ There is an extreme —— of the pyloric lumen, passage of food is obstructed which causes——-
▪ Other malformations of the stomach, such as ——- are rare

A

Stomach Abnormalities
▪ Pyloric stenosis occurs when musculature of the stomach in the region of the pylorus hypertrophies.
▪ Is one of the most common abnormalities of the stomach in infants- believed to develop during fetal life.
▪ There is an extreme narrowing of the pyloric lumen, passage of food is obstructed- severe vomiting.
▪ Other malformations of the stomach, such as duplications are rare

29
Q

Pyloric stenosis is Characterized by very forceful (aka “—-”), —— vomiting approximately—-hr. after feeding (when pyloric emptying would occur).
▪NOTE: the presence of bile would indicate ——- blockage of some sort.
•Hypertrophied sphincter can often be palpated as a ——-; peristalsis of the sphincter seen/felt under the ——

•Stenosis is due to ——-of pyloric sphincter… NOT an error in ——-
•More common in —- than —-, so most likely has a genetic basis which is as yet undetermined.

A

Characterized by very forceful (aka “projectile”), non-bilious vomiting ~1hr. after feeding (when pyloric emptying would occur).
▪NOTE: the presence of bile would indicate POST-duodenal blockage of some sort.
•Hypertrophied sphincter can often be palpated as a spherical nodule; peristalsis of the sphincter seen/felt under the skin.

•Stenosis is due to overproliferation / hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter… NOT an error in re-canalization.
•More common in males than females, so most likely has a genetic basis which is as yet undetermined.

30
Q

Development of the Duodenum
▪ Duodenum begins to develop early in —— week, from the caudal part of the —— and cranial part of the ——
▪ Grows rapidly, forms a —–shaped loop that projects —-
▪ Has dual arterial supply

A

Development of the Duodenum
▪ Duodenum begins to develop early in 4th week, from the caudal part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut
▪ Grows rapidly, forms a C-shaped loop that projects ventrally
▪ Has dual arterial supply

31
Q

Development of the Duodenum
▪ Duodenum begins to develop early in —— week, from the caudal part of the —— and cranial part of the ——
▪ Grows rapidly, forms a —–shaped loop that projects —-
▪ Has dual arterial supply

A

Development of the Duodenum
▪ Duodenum begins to develop early in 4th week, from the caudal part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut
▪ Grows rapidly, forms a C-shaped loop that projects ventrally
▪ Has dual arterial supply

32
Q

Development of the Duodenum
▪ Duodenum begins to develop early in —— week, from the caudal part of the —— and cranial part of the ——
▪ Grows rapidly, forms a —–shaped loop that projects —-
▪ Has dual arterial supply

A

Development of the Duodenum
▪ Duodenum begins to develop early in 4th week, from the caudal part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut
▪ Grows rapidly, forms a C-shaped loop that projects ventrally
▪ Has dual arterial supply

33
Q

Duodenum=“tit bits”
▪ Dual origin- Caudal part of foregut & Cranial part of midgut
▪ Dual blood supply- —— and ——
▪ Opening of —-duct separates the 2 parts derived from the foregut and midgut
▪ Grows rapidly to form a C-shaped loop

A

Duodenum=“tit bits”
▪ Dual origin- Caudal part of foregut & Cranial part of midgut
▪ Dual blood supply- coeliac trunk & superior mesenteric artery
▪ Opening of bile duct separates the 2 parts derived from the foregut and midgut
▪ Grows rapidly to form a C-shaped loop

34
Q

Duodenum

▪ Rotation of stomach pulls it to the —- , bringing it in a ——position
▪ During — to —th weeks, its lumen obliterates due to proliferation of epithelial cells
▪ Recanalization is complete by the end of ——
▪ Most of the —- mesentery disappears by this time

▪ Iniatially ventral, it then rotates to the right during the rotation of the stomach
▪ It loses its dorsal mesentary =——
▪ — to — th week the lumen is obliterated
▪ —-th week lumen recanalized
▪ Ventral mesentary disappears

A

▪ Rotation of stomach pulls it to the right , bringing it in a retro-peritoneal position
▪ During 5-6th weeks, its lumen obliterates due to proliferation of epithelial cells
▪ Recanalization is complete by the end of embryonic period
▪ Most of the ventral mesentery disappears by this time

▪ Iniatially ventral, it then rotates to the right during the rotation of the stomach
▪ It loses its dorsal mesentary =retroperitoneal
▪ 5-6th week the lumen is obliterated
▪ 8th week lumen recanalized
▪ Ventral mesentary disappears

35
Q

Congenital abnormalities
▪ Duodenal stenosis-incomplete recanalization involves —- & —- parts of duodenum
▪ Duodenal atresia- complete occlusion of lumen involves — & — parts of duodenum
▪ Clinical presentation is — vomiting in infants
▪ “——” sign on X-ray or USS

A

Congenital abnormalities
▪ Duodenal stenosis-incomplete recanalization involves 3rd & 4th parts of duodenum
▪ Duodenal atresia- complete occlusion of lumen involves 2nd & 3rd parts of duodenum
▪ Clinical presentation is bilous vomiting in infants
▪ “Double bubble” sign on X-ray or USS

36
Q

Congenital abnormalities
▪ Duodenal ——-incomplete recanalization involves 3rd & 4th parts of duodenum
▪ Duodenal ——– complete occlusion of lumen involves 2nd & 3rd parts of duodenum

A

Congenital abnormalities
▪ Duodenal stenosis-incomplete recanalization involves 3rd & 4th parts of duodenum
▪ Duodenal atresia- complete occlusion of lumen involves 2nd & 3rd parts of duodenum

37
Q

Development of the Liver
▪ Liver appears in —th week, as a ventral bud called —-, from the caudal part of the foregut

▪ The bud grows into the septum transversum and divides into two parts:
▪ Larger cranial part which forms- ———
▪ Smaller caudal part which forms—— and —-

▪ The proliferating endodermal cells give rise to ——- which anastomose around endothelium lined spaces- ——

A

Development of the Liver
▪ Liver appears in 4th week, as a ventral bud called hepatic diverticulum, from the caudal part of the foregut

▪ The bud grows into the septum transversum and divides into two parts:
▪ Larger cranial part - primordium of liver;
▪ Smaller caudal part- gall bladder and cystic duct

▪ The proliferating endodermal cells give rise to Hepatic cords which anastomose around endothelium lined spaces- Hepatic sinusoids

38
Q

The liver grows rapidly and in —- to—th weeks fills a large part of the abdominal cavity
▪ By —-th week, the liver forms about —% of total body weight
▪ Initially the right and left lobes are of the same size, later —- lobe grows larger

A

The liver grows rapidly and in 5-10th weeks fills a large part of the abdominal cavity
▪ By 9th week, the liver forms about 10% of total body weight
▪ Initially the right and left lobes are of the same size, later right lobe grows larger

39
Q

Development of the liver

▪ The hepatic cords and the epithelial lining of the intrahepatic portion of the biliary system are derived from —-
▪ The fibrous tissue, hematopoeitic tissue and Kupffer cells are derived from the ————-
▪ The hepatic sinusoides derived from ———-
▪ Hematopoiesis begins during——th week, giving dark color to liver
▪ The hepatic cells begins to form bile during the —-th week

A

▪ The hepatic cords and the epithelial lining of the intrahepatic portion of the biliary system are derived from endoderm
▪ The fibrous tissue, hematopoeitic tissue and Kupffer cells are derived from the mesenchyme of the septum transversum
▪ The hepatic sinusoides derived from vitelline veins
▪ Hematopoiesis begins during 6th week, giving dark color to liver
▪ The hepatic cells begins to form bile during the 12th week

40
Q

Development of the Biliary Apparatus
▪ The small caudal part of the hepatic diverticulum becomes the ——, and the stalk of the diverticulum forms the —-
▪ The stalk connecting the hepatic & cystic ducts to the duodenum becomes the —- duct, and opens on the — aspect of the duodenum.

▪ Later due to rotation of duodenum, the opening comes to lie —-
▪ The ducts become occluded initially, but are later canalized
▪ Bile formation commences about the —th week,
(After —th week bile entering the duodenum gives a dark green color to the intestinal contents (——)

A

Development of the Biliary Apparatus
▪ The small caudal part of the hepatic diverticulum becomes the gall bladder, and the stalk of the diverticulum forms the cystic duct
▪ The stalk connecting the hepatic & cystic ducts to the duodenum becomes the bile duct, and opens on the ventral aspect of the duodenum.

▪ Later due to rotation of duodenum, the opening comes to lie dorsally
▪ The ducts become occluded initially, but are later canalized
▪ Bile formation commences about the 12th week,
(After 13th week bile entering the duodenum gives a dark green color to the intestinal contents (meconium)

41
Q

Development of the Pancreas
▪ Pancreas begins to appear as two buds, —- and —-, from the —- part of the foregut
▪ The —- bud is larger, appears first and lies cranial to the smaller —- bud

▪ The rotation of stomach and duodenum carry the —- bud dorsally along with the bile duct.
▪ The ventral bud comes to lie post to the dorsal bud and later fuses with it and their ducts anastomose

A

Development of the Pancreas
▪ Pancreas begins to appear as two buds, dorsal and ventral, from the caudal part of the foregut
▪ The dorsal bud is larger, appears first and lies cranial to the smaller ventral bud

▪ The rotation of stomach and duodenum carry the ventral bud dorsally along with the bile duct.
▪ The ventral bud comes to lie post to the dorsal bud and later fuses with it and their ducts anastomose

42
Q

Development of pancreas

▪ The duct of ventral bud and distal part of the duct of the dorsal bud form the ———duct that opens on the ——-
▪ The proximal part of the duct of the dorsal bud often persists as the ——- duct that opens separately on the ——-

▪ The —- bud forms most of the pancreas
▪ The ventral bud gives rise to the —— and ——-

A

▪ The duct of ventral bud and distal part of the duct of the dorsal bud form the main pancreatic duct that opens on the major duodenal papilla
▪ The proximal part of the duct of the dorsal bud often persists as the accessory pancreatic duct that opens separately on the minor duodenal papilla

▪ The dorsal bud forms most of the pancreas
▪ The ventral bud gives rise to the uncinate process and part of the head of the pancreas

43
Q

Development of the pancreas

▪ Finally pancreas comes to lie horizontally along the ——- abdominal wall in a retroperitoneal position
▪ Insulin production begins -——th week
▪ Glucagon —-th week

A

▪ Finally pancreas comes to lie horizontally along the posterior abdominal wall in a retroperitoneal position
▪ Insulin production begins -10th week
▪ Glucagon 15th week

44
Q

▪ Spleen develops from the mesenchyme within the —- mesogastrium
▪ Begins to develop in—th week and attains its shape early in fetal life
▪ Is —- initially but lobules normally disappear before birth
▪ Spleen functions as a ——-until late fetal life, but retains its potential for blood cell formation even in adult life

A

▪ Spleen develops from the mesenchyme within the dorsal mesogastrium
▪ Begins to develop in 5th week and attains its shape early in fetal life
▪ Is lobulated initially but lobules normally disappear before birth
▪ Spleen functions as a hematopoeitic organ until late fetal life, but retains its potential for blood cell formation even in adult life

45
Q

▪ Spleen develops from the mesenchyme within the —- mesogastrium
▪ Begins to develop in—th week and attains its shape early in fetal life
▪ Is —- initially but lobules normally disappear before birth
▪ Spleen functions as a ——-until late fetal life, but retains its potential for blood cell formation even in adult life

A

▪ Spleen develops from the mesenchyme within the dorsal mesogastrium
▪ Begins to develop in 5th week and attains its shape early in fetal life
▪ Is lobulated initially but lobules normally disappear before birth
▪ Spleen functions as a hematopoeitic organ until late fetal life, but retains its potential for blood cell formation even in adult life

46
Q

Derivatives of the Mesenteries of the Foregut
▪ Dorsal Mesoesophagus: —-
▪ Ventral Mesoesophagus: ——
▪ Dorsal Mesogastrium: —-
▪ Ventral Mesogastrium:——
▪ Dorsal mesentery of the duodenum: ———-
▪ Ventral mesentery of the duodenum: ———

A

Derivatives of the Mesenteries of the Foregut
▪ Dorsal Mesoesophagus: Crura of the diaphragm
▪ Ventral Mesoesophagus: disappears completely
▪ Dorsal Mesogastrium: 􏰀 Greater omentum
􏰀 Lienorenal ligament
􏰀 Gastrosplenic ligament

▪ Ventral Mesogastrium:
􏰀 Lesser omentum
􏰀 Visceral peritoneum of the liver 􏰀 Falciform ligament of the liver
▪ Dorsal mesentery of the duodenum: persists in the proximal part (one inch) as hepatoduodenal ligament
▪ Ventral mesentery of the duodenum: disappears almost completely

47
Q

Anomalies Related to the Development of the Liver & Gall Bladder
▪ Anomalies of liver are rare.
▪ Variations in hepatic ducts, cystic and bile ducts are common and clinically significant
▪ ——- is the most common serious anomaly. Jaundice develops soon after birth. If uncorrected surgically leads to death

A

Anomalies Related to the Development of the Liver & Gall Bladder
▪ Anomalies of liver are rare.
▪ Variations in hepatic ducts, cystic and bile ducts are common and clinically significant
▪ Extrahepatic biliary atresia is the most common serious anomaly. Jaundice develops soon after birth. If uncorrected surgically leads to death

48
Q

List Anomalies Related to the Development of the Pancreas & Spleen

A

Anomalies Related to the Development of the Pancreas & Spleen
▪ Accessory pancreatic tissue
▪ Annular pancreas
▪ Accessory splenic tissue

49
Q

Duodenal atresia is found in how many births

A

1:10000-1:15000