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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology: Neuro (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Histology: Neuro (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Who won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1906

A

Camillo Golgi and

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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2
Q

Where are purkinge cells found

A

cerebellum

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3
Q

What do Prukinje fibers aid in

A

motor coordination

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4
Q

How do Purkinje fibers change in autism patients

A

reduced size

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5
Q

How do Purkinje fibers change in alcoholics

A

reduced cell volume

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6
Q

Where does nerve tissue develop from

A

embryonic ectoderm

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7
Q

What are the 3 major components of the nervous system

A

nerve cells
supporting cells
blood vessel cells

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8
Q

What are the nerve cells

A

neurons

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9
Q

What are the supporting cells

A

neuroglia

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10
Q

What are blood vessel cells

A

blood brain barrer

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11
Q

What is the function of neurons

A

conducting cells: specialized to conduct electrical activity

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12
Q

What are the types of neurons

A

sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons

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13
Q

What are sensory neruons

A

somatic or visceral afferent

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14
Q

What are motor neurons

A

somatic efferent or visceral efferent

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15
Q

What are interneurons

A

communication between sensory and motor neurons

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16
Q

Most neurons belong to what category of neurons

A

interneurons

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17
Q

Do neurons form cancers, why or why not

A

mostly terminally differentiated so no

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18
Q

What is the function of neuroglia

A

non conducting cells that provide
-physical support
metabolic support
electrical insulation

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19
Q

Where are neuroglia found

A

surface fo the brain and ventricles

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20
Q

Can neuroglia cells divide

A

yes

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21
Q

What type of cancers are formed from neuroglia

A

glioma

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22
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurons

A

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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23
Q

What type of neurons are pseudounipolar

A

sensory

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24
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons found

A

spinal and most cranial sensory ganglia

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25
Q

What type of neurons are bipolar neurons

A

sensory–special senses

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26
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found

A

retina, cochlear, and vestibular ganglia

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27
Q

What type of neurons are multipolar

A

motor and interneurons

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28
Q

What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia

A

pseudounipolar

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29
Q

Do synapses occur in the DRG

A

no

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30
Q

Where will the cell body and axons of motor neurons be found in the spinal cord

A

cell body in ventral horn

axons in the ventral root

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31
Q

What are the different types of multipolar cells

A

motor neuron
pyramidal
granule cell
cerebellar purkinje

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32
Q

What are the layers of cortical cells

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. external granular layer
  3. External pyramidal cells layer
  4. Internal granular layer
  5. Ganglionic layer (inner pyramidal cells)
  6. Multiform (polymorphic) cell layer
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33
Q

How many cortical layers are there

A

6

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34
Q

What is the axon hillock

A

origin of the axon from the perikaryon

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35
Q

What organelles are contained in the axon hillock

A

free of cell organelles

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36
Q

What are Nissl bodies

A

rER in neurons

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37
Q

Describe the nucleus of the neurons

A

large, lightly stained with prominent nucleolus

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38
Q

What are the supporting cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

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39
Q

What is the function of schwann cells

A

myelinates axons in the PNS

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40
Q

What is the function of satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies of spinal ganglia

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41
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependyma

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42
Q

What is the function of oligodendroglia

A

myelinates axons in the CNS

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43
Q

What is oligodendroglia responsible for production of

A

white matter of the CNS

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44
Q

What is the function of astrocytes

A

forms the blood brain barrier

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45
Q

What is the most numerous glial cell

A

astrocytes

46
Q

How are astrocytes stained

A

stained to identify GFAP which is a unique easily stained protein contained within astrocytes

47
Q

What are the different types of astrocytes

A

fibrous type

protoplasmic type

48
Q

Where are fibrous type of astrocytes found

A

white matter

49
Q

Where are protoplasmic type of astrocytes found

A

grey matter

50
Q

What are microglia cells derived from

A

bone marrow

51
Q

Where are all but microglia cells derived from

A

neural tube

52
Q

What is the function of microglia

A

phagocytosis in CNS

53
Q

Where are ependymal cells found

A

line the ventricles and central canal

54
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of

A

multiple layers of cell membrane wrapped around the axon

55
Q

What is the function of myelin

A

electrically isolates the axon from surorundings

56
Q

What cells produce myelin

A

schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

57
Q

What is a node of Ranvier

A

gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells

58
Q

What is the myelin between two ranvier nodes called

A

internodal segment

59
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier

A

allows fast conduction of the nerve impulse–action potential develops at the node only, jumping over the internodal segment, saving time

60
Q

What is a Schmidt-Lanterman cleft

A

small islands of membrane that contain cytoplasm at node of ranvier

61
Q

Guillan-Barre syndrome is what type of disease and causes what

A

autoimmune disorder, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that affects the PNS

62
Q

What type of cells are affected in GUillain Barre syndrome

A

Schwann cells

63
Q

How do autonomic axons establish synapse

A

axons penetrate between satellite cells to establish synapse

64
Q

How do oligodendrocytes differ from Schwann cells

A

Schwann cells only form one segment of a myelin sheath but oligodendrocytes have multiple flat processes that can coil around as many as 60 axons at the same time

Oligodendrocytes don’t have an external lamina like schwann cells

oligodendrocytes have fever schmidt lanterman clefts

65
Q

How do unmyelinated axons in CNS differ from those in the PNS

A

truly unmyelinated, not embedded in the cytoplasm like in the PNS

66
Q

Where do microglial cells originate from

A

migrate from the vascular system to CNS–mesenchymal origin

67
Q

How many microglial cells are found in adults

A

small number, activated at site of injury for debris removal

68
Q

What are the protoplasmic astrocytes look like

A

short branching processes

69
Q

What are the processes of the fibrous astrocyte look like

A

longer, straight processes

70
Q

What is GFAP

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein

71
Q

Where is GFAP found

A

mostly in fibrous astrocyte

72
Q

What is the function of the foot processes of astrocytes

A

covers vessels, myelin sheath, and innersurface of the pia matter to form the blood brain barrier

73
Q

What does the ependymal cells form

A

simple epithelial lining of the CSF-filled cavities of the CNS

74
Q

What shape of cell is an ependymal cell

A

cuboidal or columnar cells

75
Q

What is on the apical surface of ependymal cells

A

cilia and microvilli

76
Q

What is on the basal surface of ependymal cells

A

interdigitations with astrocyte processes

77
Q

What cells are responsible for making CSF

A

ependymal cells

78
Q

What are the components of a neuron

A 
dendrites
cell body
axon
terminal arborization
end bulbs
synapses
79
Q

What is anterograde transport

A

movement down the axon away from the soma

80
Q

What are the two speeds of anterograde transport

A

slow and fast

81
Q

What is slow speed of anterograde transport

A

0.2-4mm/day

82
Q

What is fast speed of anterograde transport

A

20-400mm/day

83
Q

What does slow anterograde transport carry

A

structural proteins

84
Q

What is fast anterograde mediated by

A

mediated by kinesin bound to the microtubules–carries mitochondria and other large structures

85
Q

What is retrograde transport

A

movement up the axon toward the soma

86
Q

What speed does retrograde transport occur

A

fast rate

87
Q

What is retrograde transport mediated by

A

dynein bound to microtubules

88
Q

What are the different types of synapses

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic
dendrodendritic

89
Q

What is the classical synapse

A

axodendritic

90
Q

What is axosomatic synapse

A

axon to cell body

91
Q

What is axoaxonic

A

axon to axon

92
Q

What is dendrodendritic

A

dendrite to dendrite

93
Q

What is a commonly inhibitory synapse

A

axoaxonic

94
Q

What are the different neurotransmitter

A

excitatory: opening Na channels
Inhibitory: opening Cl- channels

95
Q

How will neurotransmitter be released from an axon

A
  1. action potential reaches terminal
  2. voltage gated calcium channels open
  3. calcium binds to proteins on vesicles permitting fusion with terminal membrane
  4. release of neurotransmitters
96
Q

What are the envolopes around the nerve

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

97
Q

Where is endoneurium found

A

each nerve fiber

98
Q

What is endoneurium secreted by

A

Schwann cells

99
Q

What type of composition is endoneurium

A

circular longitudinal collagen

100
Q

Where is perineurium found

A

around nerve bundles

101
Q

Tight junctions in the perineurium form what

A

blood-nerve barrier

102
Q

What type of composition is the perineurium

A

specialized connective tissue 1-6 layers of flattened contractile cells that possess basal lamina on both surfaces

103
Q

Where is epineurium found

A

around nerve and the fascles

104
Q

What composition is epineurium

A

dense irregular CT

105
Q

What does the epineurium contain that the other layers do not

A

blood vessels

106
Q

Where are multipolar somatic motor neurons found

A

ventral horn and ventral root

107
Q

Where are multipolar autonomic motor neurons found

A

lateral horn and paravertebral ganglia

108
Q

Where are the cell bodies for the somatic motor nerves

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

109
Q

How many layers of cells are in the neocortex

A

6

110
Q

What functional type of cells are found in the DH

A

interneurons

111
Q

What functional type of cells are found in the VH

A

multipolar neurons

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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