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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology: Muscle (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Histology: Muscle (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What produces movement in muscles

A

shortening of muscle fibers

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2
Q

What are the contractile proteins found in muscles

A

actin and myosin

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3
Q

What are the thin filaments

A

acin

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4
Q

What are the thick filaments

A

myosin

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5
Q

Why do muscle cells stain eosinophilic

A

due to the proteins

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6
Q

What muscles are striated

A

cardiac

skeletal

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7
Q

What muscles are voluntary

A

skeletal

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8
Q

What muscles are involuntary

A

cardiac and smooth

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9
Q

What muscles lack striation

A

smooth

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10
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

surrounding blood vessels and walls of viscera

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11
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle

A

viscera movement

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12
Q

How are muscle cells formed

A

aggregation and fusion of myoblasts

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13
Q

What is a single cell called in muscle

A

muscle fiber

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14
Q

Describe nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated

peripherally located under sarcolemma

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15
Q

What is muscle strength dependent on

A

the number of fibers

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16
Q

What are tendons composed of

A

dense regular connective tissue

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17
Q

What do tendons connect

A

muscle to bone or bone to bone

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18
Q

What are the three layers of CT around a muscle

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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19
Q

Where is endomysium found

A

surrounding each muscle fiber

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20
Q

Where is perimysium found

A

surrounding bundles of muscle fibers

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21
Q

Where is epimysium found

A

on the outside of a muscle

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22
Q

What type of structure does endomysium have

A

delicate CT

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23
Q

What is a myofibril

A

structural and function subunit of a muscle fiber

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24
Q

What do collections of muscle fibers form

A

muscle fasicle

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25
Q

What do collections of muscle fasicles form

A

Muscle

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26
Q

What is the composition of a myofibril

A

actin and myosin myofilaments

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27
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

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28
Q

What are thin filaments in a sarcomere

A

actin
tropomyosin
troponin

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29
Q

What are the thick filaments in a sarcomere

A

myosin

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30
Q

What are the components called in a sarcomere

A 
I band
A band
H band
M line
Z line
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31
Q

What is the I band

A

range of thin filaments on the end of sarcomeres

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32
Q

What is the A band

A

range of thick filaments from I band to I Band

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33
Q

What is the H band

A

range in the center between thick bands, includes the M line

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34
Q

Where is the M line located

A

middle of the sarcomere

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35
Q

Where is the Z line located

A

in between actin bands, on the edges of a sarcomere

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36
Q

What are the parts of the sarcomere that will change with contraction

A

H and I band get shorter

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37
Q

What occurs to the A band during contraction

A

stays the same length

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38
Q

What is the function of dystrophin

A

anchors z line to cell membrane

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39
Q

How is myosin anchored to the m-line

A

through myomesin

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40
Q

What will shorten during skeletal muscle contraction

A

sarcomere

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41
Q

What remains the same length during contraction

A

myofilaments

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42
Q

What structures are found around the sarcoplasmic reticulum in sarcomeres in skeletal muscles

A

mitochondria and glycogen

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43
Q

What regulates contraction of skeletal muscle

A

calcium

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44
Q

What is required for myosin actin to react

A

calcium

45
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle

A

reservoir for calcium

46
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum form to aid in its function

A

terminal cisternae around myofibrils

47
Q

What are t-tubules

A

invaginations of plasma membrane into the muscle fiber

48
Q

What is the function of t-tubules

A

carry the action potential into muscle fiber to allow release of Ca2+ in the cell

49
Q

Do skeletal muscles contain a triad or diad system

A

triad

50
Q

What is the arrangement of the triad t-tubule system

A

Triad:

2 cisternae and T-tubule

51
Q

What is the reservoir part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

terminal cisternae

52
Q

Where do terminal cisternae and t tubules form a triad

A

at the A-I junction

53
Q

How many triads are found per sarcomere

A

2

54
Q

What leads to excitation of a muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction

A

release of acetylcholine from neuron that is taken up by a muscle fiber leading to excitation

55
Q

How does myasthenia gravis affect muscles

A

NMJ is blocked by antibodies on the muscle end, leading to muscle weakness
the muscles cannot be stimulated

56
Q

What type of disease is myasthenia gravis

A

auto-immune disease

57
Q

How will botulinum toxin affect muscles

A

prevent neurotransmitter release

58
Q

What does the presynaptic axon terminal of a NMJ contain

A

mitochondria and secretory vesicles containing ACh

59
Q

What does the muscle fiber plasma membrane of a NMJ contain

A

infoldings that contain ACh receptors (Na+ channels)

60
Q

What is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

61
Q

How does innervation determine coordination

A

smaller ration = the smoother the movement

62
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

special receptors that sense degree of muscle stretch and tension

63
Q

What do proprioceptors provide info about

A

feedback about position in space

64
Q

What are the two types of proprioceptors

A

Golgi tendon organs

muscle spindles

65
Q

What is the function of extrafusal fibers

A

contract to generate force

66
Q

What are extrafusal fibers innervated by

A

alpha motor neurons

67
Q

What is the function of intrafusal fibers

A

to detect muscle stretch, specialized fibers for proprioception

68
Q

Where are intrafusal fibers found

A

in muscle spindles

69
Q

What are intrafusal fibers innervated by

A

motor neurons

70
Q

What is the function of the muscle spindle

A

responds to changes in muscle length to prevent overstretching

71
Q

What direction do intrafusal fibers run

A

parallel with the muscle belly

72
Q

How will the muscle spindle respond to overstretching of a muscle

A

detect stretch and send afferent signal through gamma motor neuron to the CNS

effent signal from CNS will travel through alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers causing them to contract and shorten the muscle

73
Q

How many fibers are in a nuclear bag

A

2-4

74
Q

How many fibers are in a nuclear chain

A

6-8

75
Q

What is the golgi tendon organ

A

encapsulated receptor found at junction between muscle and tendon

76
Q

What is the structure of the golgi tendon

A

afferent nerve endings interwoven between collagen fibrils

77
Q

What is the function of the golgi tendon organ

A

monitors muscle load for force of contraction

78
Q

What type of cells does cardiac muscle have

A 
mononucleated cells
centralized nuclei
striated
intercalated disks
branching
79
Q

What are the three components of the intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

A

Fascia Adherens
Macula adherens
Gap junctions

80
Q

What is the fascia adherens do

A

anchors thin filaments

81
Q

What component of the intercalated disc does fascia adherens make up

A

transverse component

82
Q

What are macula adherens

A

desmosome

83
Q

What does the macula adherens do

A

hold cells together during repetitive contractions

84
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

allow cells to communicate

85
Q

What part of the intercalated disc does gap junctions make up

A

lateral component

86
Q

What does the fascia adherens function as

A

terminal z line

87
Q

What lines are t-tubules associated with in cardiac muscle

A

z line

88
Q

What lines are t-tubules associated with in skeletal msucle

A

A-I junction

89
Q

Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle

A

only diad
not organized well
terminal cisterne and t-tubule

90
Q

What are purkinje fibers

A

modified cardiac muscle cells that regulate heartrate

91
Q

Where are purkinje fibers found

A

in the ventricular walls of the heart

92
Q

WHat is heartrate regulated ultimately by

A

autonomic nervous system

93
Q

WHere is smooth muscle found

A

walls of viscera, blood vessels, iris, ciliary body, dartos muscle, erector pili

94
Q

What type of cells does smooth muscle have

A

fusiform cells with central cork-screw nuclei

95
Q

How do smooth muscle cells communicate

A

through gap junctions

96
Q

How does smooth muscle contraction differ from other muscle types

A

prolonged, wave-like contraction

97
Q

Does smooth muscle have a t-tubule system

A

no

98
Q

How is calcium delivered to the smooth muscle

A

via caveolae

99
Q

What does calcium do to smooth muscle

A

cause myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate myosin

100
Q

What is unique to smooth muscle

A

myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates myosin

101
Q

What is smooth muscle regulated by

A

ANS

102
Q

What are dense bodies

A

proteins located in sarcoplasm of smooth muscle cells

103
Q

What is the function of dense bodies

A

attach actin filaments so contraction causes a corkscrew twisting that shortens the cell

104
Q

Describe muscle repair and renewal in skeletal muscle

A

does not renew

becomes scar tissue

105
Q

What in muscle cells show limited capacity for skeletal muscle fiber differentiation

A

satellite cells

106
Q

What is necessary for muscle integrity

A

innervation

107
Q

Describe muscle repair and renewal of cardiac muscle

A

does not renew in adults

becomes scar tissue

108
Q

Describe muscle repair and renewal in smooth muscle

A

have the ability to proliferate

responds to injury via mitosis

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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