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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Histology 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rER continuous with

A

nuclear envelope

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2
Q

What type of cells will have highly developed rER

A

secretory cells:

osteoblasts and glandular cells

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3
Q

What is the function of the rER

A

involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane proteins

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4
Q

What are ribosomes composed of

A

proteins and rRNA

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5
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

can be free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound to rER

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

involved in protein synthesis

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7
Q

What are the functions of the sER

A

lipid metabolism
detoxification
steroid synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of sER in skeletal muscle

A

Ca2+ storage

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9
Q

What are sER in skeletal muscle called

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

How might sER change in the liver of a patient on drugs or alcohol

A

more sER in liver

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11
Q

What is the function of the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

increased surface area of inner membrane increases integral membrane proteins

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12
Q

Where are mitochondrial proteins produced

A

imported from host cell

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13
Q

List nonliving inclusions that can be found within the cells

A

secretory granules
stored energy (glycogen and fat)
pigments (hemoglobin and melanin)
crystals (sertoli and leydig cells)

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14
Q

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
actin
intermediate filaments

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15
Q

What is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton

A

transport and movement

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16
Q

What is the function of actin in the cytoskeleton

A

membrane structure and motility

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17
Q

WHat is the thinnest filament

A

actin

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18
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton

A

mechanical strength

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19
Q

What is the structure of microtubules

A

gamma tubulin ring with alternating alpha and beta tubulin molecules bound to GTP/GDP

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20
Q

What are the ends on a microtubule

A 
growing end (+)
non growing end (-)
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21
Q

What cell processes are microtubules involved in

A

cell division: alignment/separation of chromosomes during cell division
vesicular transport
movement of cilia/flagella

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22
Q

Which end of microtubules will be in contact with gamma tubulin

A
  • end
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23
Q

What proteins are involved in transport along microtubules

A

dyneins and kinesins

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24
Q

What is the role of dyneins

A

motor proteins that move towards the - end of microtubule

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25
Q

What is the role of kinesin in transport

A

motor proteins that move towards the + end of microtubules

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26
Q

What is the role of centrosomes

A

Align mitotic spindle during cell division

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27
Q

What are basal bodies

A

basal bodies are at the base of each flagellum and cilium and organize their development (microtubule organizing center)

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28
Q

What is the structure of a centriole

A

9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a circle

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29
Q

What is at the center of a basal body

A

centrioles

2 at 90 degrees

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30
Q

What is a centrosome

A

2 centrioles paired at 90 degrees

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31
Q

What causes Kartagener’s syndrome

A

immobilization of cilia

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32
Q

What are symptoms of Karagener’s syndrome

A

infertility and respiratory infections

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33
Q

What structure does the chemotherapy agent Taxol affect

A

microtubules

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34
Q

How does Taxol affect microtubules

A

prevents depolymeration

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35
Q

How does Taxol have an effect on cancer

A

prevents separation of sister chromatids and thus halts cell division

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36
Q

What structures do Vinblastine and Vincristine affect

A

Microtubules

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37
Q

How does Vinblastine and Vincristine affect microtubules

A

inhibits formation of mitotic spindle for cell division

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38
Q

What are vinblastine and vincristine used for

A

chemotherapy

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39
Q

What are cilia composed of

A

microtubules

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40
Q

How does actin assemble

A

spontaneously without a gamma ring

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41
Q

At what end will depolymerization and polymerization occur on actin

A

+ end= polymerization

- end = depolymerization

42
Q

What are the functions of actin filaments

A 
cell shape and structure
form microvilli
anchorage and movement
extension of cell processes
locomotion
43
Q

Where is phalloidin found

A

poisonous mushrooms

44
Q

What are the effects of phalloidin

A

prevents depolymerization of actin by binding to F-acin

45
Q

How does phalloidin change actins structure

A

makes it longer and stable

46
Q

What is the effects of cytochalasin B and D

A

Prevents polymerization of actin

47
Q

How does cytochalasin B and D effect the cells

A

inhibits lymphocyte migration, phagocytosis, and cell division

48
Q

What part of the cell cycle is actin especially important in

A

telophase

49
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments

A

mechanical strength

cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions

50
Q

What are the classes of intermediate filaments

A

Keratins
Vimentins
Neurofilamints
Lamins

51
Q

Where are keratins found

A

all epithelial cells in the cytoplasm

52
Q

Where are Vimentins found

A

fibroblasts and neurons in the cytoplasm

53
Q

Where are Neurofilaments found

A

in neurons in the cytoplasm

54
Q

Where are Lamins found

A

most differentiated cells, all nucleated cells

in the nuclear

55
Q

What diseases may lead to accumulation of intermediate filaments

A

Alcoholic liver cirrhosis

Alzheimer’s disease

56
Q

What filaments accumulate in Alcoholic liver cirrhosis

A

keratins forming mallory bodies

57
Q

What filaments accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease

A

neurofilaments leading to neurofibrillary tangles

58
Q

What are mallory bodies

A

accumulation of keratin in alcoholic liver cirrhosis

59
Q

What is heterochromatin

A

darker staining
more condenses
not transcriptionally active

60
Q

What is euchromatin

A

lighter staining
less condensed
transcriptionally active

61
Q

What is the function of the nuclear lamina

A

maintains shape of nucleus and organizes chromatin

scaffolding for chromosomes and nuclear pores

62
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear lamina

A

lamin proteins (intermediate filaments)

63
Q

What structure is the nuclear envelope

A

two bilayer membranes separated by a perinuclear space

64
Q

What is the perinuclear space of the nuclear envelope continuous with

A

rER

65
Q

What diseases are associated with impaired nuclear lamina architecture

A

Progeria

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

66
Q

What is defective in Progeria

A

Lamin A/C

67
Q

What is defective Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

A

lamins, lamin receptors, and emerin

68
Q

What is chromatin

A

DNA and structural proteins (histones) packaged to fit in the nucleus

69
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pairs
1 sex pair
22 autosomal pairs

70
Q

What is the function of telomerase

A

repeatedly adds nucleotide sequences to the telomere ends to prevent shortening of chromatids

71
Q

What can telomerases play a role in clinically

A

oncogenesis

72
Q

What is a barr body

A

deactivated, shriveled up X chromosome

in chromosomes with two Xs

73
Q

Where are barr bodies found

A

near the nuclear envelope

74
Q

What occurs in the nucleolus

A

rRNA synthesis
assembly of ribosomes
regulation of the cell cycle

75
Q

How can the cell cycle be regulated through the nucleolus

A

through nucleostemin p-53 binding protein

76
Q

What is the target of viruses within a cell

A

nucleolus

77
Q

What is nucleostemin

A

protein that regulates cell cycle and influences cell differentiation

78
Q

From a clinical aspect, what can nucleostemin impact

A

play a role in malignancy

79
Q

What is static cell renewal

A

cell no longer replicates

CNS and cardiac

80
Q

What is stable cell renewal

A

cell replicates when needed

smooth muscle, endothelial cells

81
Q

What are slow growing cell exampels

A

fibroblasts

epithelial cells of the eye lens

82
Q

What are fast growing cell examples

A

blood cells

epithelial cells

83
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

Gap 1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Mitosis

84
Q

What is GTD phase

A

terminal differntiation, cells no longer divide

85
Q

WHat is G0 phase

A

cells are in stable phase of cell division

86
Q

What is S phase

A

DNA synthesis

87
Q

What is G2 phase

A

growth and reorganization

accumulation of energy for division

88
Q

What is G1 phase

A

proteins needed for DNA synthesis

89
Q

What is the fastest stage of the cell cycle

A

mitosis

90
Q

What effect might a defect in cell cycle checkpoints lead to

A

malignant transformation or aberrant chromosome segregation

91
Q

What are protein complexes associated with cell cycle regulation

A

cyclin kinase and cyclin

92
Q

How are cyclin levels throughout the cycle

A

cyclin levels change

93
Q

What is cyclin kinase levels throughout the cycle

A

kinase levels do not change, but depend on cyclin

94
Q

Which is more important in regulating the cell cycle

A

cyclin kinases

95
Q

What is the outcome of mitosis

A

2 daughter cells with exact DNA sequences and chromosome number

96
Q

What is the outcome of meiosis

A

Four genetically different cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
haploid cells

97
Q

What is the produce of male meiosis

A

4 spermatids

98
Q

What is the product of female meisosi

A

1 oocyte and 3 polar bodies

99
Q

What is necrosis

A

cell swelling and death

100
Q

What is apoptosis

A

organized cellular death

101
Q

What causes necrosis

A

pathology, caused by damage to the cell leads to cell swelling and inflammation

102
Q

What is faster necrosis or apoptosis

A

apoptosis

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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