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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology: Connective Tissue (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Histology: Connective Tissue (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are most of the cells of connective tissue from

A

migrants of the vascular system

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2
Q

How is connective tissue classified

A

Type of cell

Nature of ECM

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3
Q

Where is connective tissue found

A

Under the epithelial tissues as a supporting tissue

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4
Q

What are the primary functions of connective tissue

A

Supportive

Space filling

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5
Q

What is the supportive role of connective tissue

A

mechanical function, bone, cartilage, dense, connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the space filling role

A

Fills in gaps between epithelium and muscle and other tissue

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7
Q

What fibers is the Extracellular matrix composed of

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

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8
Q

What is ground substance composed of

A

glycoproteins
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans

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9
Q

What is a proteoglycan composed of

A

protein core anchored to hyaluronic acid with GAG side chains

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10
Q

What is the basic unit of collagen

A

collagen fibrils

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11
Q

What are collagen Fibrils composed of

A

tropocollagen molecules

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12
Q

What are tropocollagen molecules composed of

A

3 glycoprotein alpha chains into a triple helix

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13
Q

How are the different types of collagen created

A

by changing the types/varieties of the alpha chains

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14
Q

How many different types of collagen are there

A

28

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15
Q

How many main types of collagen are there

A

4

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of collagen

A

Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

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17
Q

Where is Type I collagen found

A

bone, skin, tendons, ligaments

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18
Q

Where is Type II found

A

hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

Where is Type III found

A

Reticular fibers

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20
Q

Where is Type IV found

A

basement membrane

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21
Q

What type of collagen are reticular fibers composed of

A

Type III

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22
Q

Where are reticular fibers found

A

Lymphatic tissue

Supporting structure for adipocytes, muscle cells, small blood vessels, hemopoietic tissues

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23
Q

What stains are used to view reticular fibers

A

PAS
Silver Salts
Eosin

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24
Q

Where are elastic fibers found

A

elastic cartilage
elastic arteries
elastic ligaments

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25
Q

What cells produce elastic fibers

A

fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

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26
Q

What are the components of elastic fibers

A

elastin core

fibrillin microfibrils around the core embedded into elastin

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27
Q

What is the cause of Marfan Syndrome

A

Lesion of the Fibrillin gene on chromosome 15

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28
Q

What is fibrillin in relationship to elastic fiber

A

an ECM protein that is important in maintaing elastic fibers

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29
Q

What is mutated in ehlers-danlos syndrome

A

Mutations in genes affecting the collagen polypeptide chains

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30
Q

Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrom

A

hyperelastic skin
hyperflexibility of joints
vascular and organ rupture

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31
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Defect in synthesis of type I collagen

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bones

short stature

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33
Q

What is the most severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta

A

type 2

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34
Q

What occurs in type 2 osteogenesis imperfecta

A

abnormally small and fragile rib cage

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35
Q

What are the three categories of connective tissue

A

Embryonic
Connective tissue proper
Specialized connective tissue

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36
Q

What are the different types of embryonic connective tissue

A

mesenchyme

mucous connective tissue

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37
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue proper

A

Dense CT

Loose CT

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38
Q

What are the different types of specialized connective tissue

A 
Adipose
Blood
Cartilage
Hemopoietic tissue
Lymphatic tissue
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39
Q

What is embryonic connective tissue

A

few star or spindle shaped cells forming a loose network

Extracellular space filled with huge amounts of viscous ground substance with few reticular fibers

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40
Q

What type of tissue is mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue

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41
Q

Where is mesenchyme CT found

A

mainly inside the embryo

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42
Q

What type of cells compose mesenchyme

A

pluripotent mesenchymal cells

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43
Q

What is the feature of pluripotent mesenchymal cells

A

can differentiate into other tissue types

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44
Q

Where is mucous connective tissue found

A

in the umbilical cord

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45
Q

What is another name for mucous connective tissue

A

Wharton’s jelly

46
Q

What cells compose mucous connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts and few mesenchymal cells

47
Q

What is the characteristics of mucous connective tissue

A

more space between cells and less reticular fibers in ground substance

creates a jelly like appearance

48
Q

Mesenchyme cells develop into what cells

A 
chondroblasts
lipoblasts
fibroblasts
osteoblasts
myoblasts
49
Q

What do chondroblasts develop into

A

cartilage

50
Q

What do lipoblasts develop into

A

fat cells

51
Q

What do fibroblasts develop into

A

ligaments, tendons, capsules, supporting tissue

52
Q

What do osteoblast develop into

A

bone

53
Q

What do myoblasts develop into

A

skeletal muscle

54
Q

What are the general characteristics of dense CT

A

few fibroblasts
little ground substance
large amounts of collagen fibers between them

55
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

in tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

56
Q

How is the connective tissue of the ligamentum flavum different than other ligaments

A

contains a lot of elastic fibers = elastic connective tissue

57
Q

What are characteristics of dense regular CT

A

fibers of collagen arranged in parallel

rod shaped nuclei

58
Q

What type of collagen is in dense CT

A

type 1

59
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

submucosa of hollow organs, connecting mucous membrane to underlying muscle layer

60
Q

What type of cells compose dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibroblasts

61
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

fibers of type 1 collagen arranged in bundles running in all directions

62
Q

What is a fibroblast do

A

synthesize fibers and ground substance

63
Q

What do fibroblasts look like

A

star shaped cells with elongated disc-like nucleus

64
Q

Why do fibroblasts stain basophilic

A

developed rER in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis

65
Q

How do myofibroblasts differ from fibroblasts

A

similar to fibroblast but contain contractile elements

66
Q

How do myofibroblasts differ from smooth muscle

A

lack basal lamina

67
Q

Where are myofibroblasts found

A

located in loose CT

68
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts

A

regulate the shape and emptying of flands and wound contraction and closure

69
Q

What is loose connective composed of

A

Collage Type I

Elastic fibers

70
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found

A

mostly beneath the epithelial

71
Q

What is loose CT role in inflammation

A

undergo significant swelling

72
Q

What are the two cell populations found in loose Connective tissue

A

resident cells

migrant cells

73
Q

What are resident cells

A 
fibroblasts 
macrophages
mast cells
adipose cells
mesenchymal cells
74
Q

What are migrant cells

A 
lymphocytes
plasma cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
75
Q

What are the two different types of adipose

A

white and brown

76
Q

What are white adipose cells

A

single fat drop filling the cytoplasm

ring shaped cytoplasm and flat peripheral nucleus

77
Q

What are brown adipose cells

A

several fat droplets in the cytoplasm

brown pigment

78
Q

Where is brown adipose cells found

A

in newborns as they need a lot of energy fast

79
Q

What are macrophages derived from

A

blood monocytes

80
Q

Describe macrophages

A

round nucleus
ingested material in cytoplasm
large golgi and rER

81
Q

What is the function of macrophages

A

antigen presenting cell: use MHC2 molecules to present antigens for CD4 lymphocytes

82
Q

What are Langhans giant cells

A

Multiple macrophages fused together

83
Q

What are mast cells

A

large rounded cells with spherical nucleus

basophilic granules

84
Q

Where are mast cells located

A

next to small vessels in CT, capsule of organs

85
Q

What stain is used to view mast cells

A

tuloidin blue stain

86
Q

What is the function of mast cells

A

Antibodies bind to mast cells to release contents of granules

87
Q

Mast cells play a role in what clinical scenario

A

anaphylactic reactions

88
Q

What do the granules of mast cells contain

A

histamine
heparin
eosinophil and neutrophil/chemotactic factor

89
Q

What is the function of histamine

A

vasodilation, edema

90
Q

What is the function of heparan

A

blocks coagulation, responsible for basophilia

91
Q

What is the function of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factor

A

cell attraction

92
Q

Where are mesenchymal cells found in adults

A

around vessels

93
Q

What do mesenchymal cells

A

they are pluripotent and form various things

94
Q

What structure do mesenchymal cells have

A

star or spindle shaped cells

95
Q

What structure do lymphocytes have

A

intensely staining slightly indented spherical nucleus

cytoplasm is pale basophilic ring

96
Q

How are lymphocytes classified

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells

97
Q

Where did T lymphocytes differentiate from

A

thymus

98
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are T-lymphocytes

A

60-80%

99
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes

A

20-30%

100
Q

Where did B lymphocytes differentiate from

A

bone marrow

101
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are natural killer cells

A

5-10%

102
Q

Where did natural killer cells originate from

A

bone marrow

103
Q

What are plasma cells derived from

A

B cells

104
Q

What is the function of plasma cells

A

antibody producing

105
Q

What is the life span of plasma cells

A

10-30 days

106
Q

Describe plasma cells

A

heterochromatin in the nucleus with cartwheel or clock face pattern

107
Q

What are the types of blood cells seen in connective tissue

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

108
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

pale pink cytoplasm
fine granules
nucleus is multilobed and stains basophilic

109
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

large eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm

bilobed nucleus

110
Q

Describe basophils

A

large basophilic granules
nucleus obscured by granules
closely related to mast cells of CT

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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