Histology: Connective Tissue (Exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Where are most of the cells of connective tissue from
A
migrants of the vascular system
2
Q
How is connective tissue classified
A
Type of cell
Nature of ECM
3
Q
Where is connective tissue found
A
Under the epithelial tissues as a supporting tissue
4
Q
What are the primary functions of connective tissue
A
Supportive
Space filling
5
Q
What is the supportive role of connective tissue
A
mechanical function, bone, cartilage, dense, connective tissue
6
Q
What is the space filling role
A
Fills in gaps between epithelium and muscle and other tissue
7
Q
What fibers is the Extracellular matrix composed of
A
collagen
reticular
elastic
8
Q
What is ground substance composed of
A
glycoproteins
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
9
Q
What is a proteoglycan composed of
A
protein core anchored to hyaluronic acid with GAG side chains
10
Q
What is the basic unit of collagen
A
collagen fibrils
11
Q
What are collagen Fibrils composed of
A
tropocollagen molecules
12
Q
What are tropocollagen molecules composed of
A
3 glycoprotein alpha chains into a triple helix
13
Q
How are the different types of collagen created
A
by changing the types/varieties of the alpha chains
14
Q
How many different types of collagen are there
A
28
15
Q
How many main types of collagen are there
A
4
16
Q
What are the 4 types of collagen
A
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
17
Q
Where is Type I collagen found
A
bone, skin, tendons, ligaments
18
Q
Where is Type II found
A
hyaline cartilage
19
Q
Where is Type III found
A
Reticular fibers
20
Q
Where is Type IV found
A
basement membrane
21
Q
What type of collagen are reticular fibers composed of
A
Type III
22
Q
Where are reticular fibers found
A
Lymphatic tissue
Supporting structure for adipocytes, muscle cells, small blood vessels, hemopoietic tissues
23
Q
What stains are used to view reticular fibers
A
PAS
Silver Salts
Eosin
24
Q
Where are elastic fibers found
A
elastic cartilage
elastic arteries
elastic ligaments
25
What cells produce elastic fibers
fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
26
What are the components of elastic fibers
elastin core
| fibrillin microfibrils around the core embedded into elastin
27
What is the cause of Marfan Syndrome
Lesion of the Fibrillin gene on chromosome 15
28
What is fibrillin in relationship to elastic fiber
an ECM protein that is important in maintaing elastic fibers
29
What is mutated in ehlers-danlos syndrome
Mutations in genes affecting the collagen polypeptide chains
30
Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrom
hyperelastic skin
hyperflexibility of joints
vascular and organ rupture
31
What causes osteogenesis imperfecta
Defect in synthesis of type I collagen
32
What are the symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bones
| short stature
33
What is the most severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta
type 2
34
What occurs in type 2 osteogenesis imperfecta
abnormally small and fragile rib cage
35
What are the three categories of connective tissue
Embryonic
Connective tissue proper
Specialized connective tissue
36
What are the different types of embryonic connective tissue
mesenchyme
| mucous connective tissue
37
What are the different types of connective tissue proper
Dense CT
| Loose CT
38
What are the different types of specialized connective tissue
```
Adipose
Blood
Cartilage
Hemopoietic tissue
Lymphatic tissue
```
39
What is embryonic connective tissue
few star or spindle shaped cells forming a loose network
Extracellular space filled with huge amounts of viscous ground substance with few reticular fibers
40
What type of tissue is mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue
41
Where is mesenchyme CT found
mainly inside the embryo
42
What type of cells compose mesenchyme
pluripotent mesenchymal cells
43
What is the feature of pluripotent mesenchymal cells
can differentiate into other tissue types
44
Where is mucous connective tissue found
in the umbilical cord
45
What is another name for mucous connective tissue
Wharton's jelly
46
What cells compose mucous connective tissue
Fibroblasts and few mesenchymal cells
47
What is the characteristics of mucous connective tissue
more space between cells and less reticular fibers in ground substance
creates a jelly like appearance
48
Mesenchyme cells develop into what cells
```
chondroblasts
lipoblasts
fibroblasts
osteoblasts
myoblasts
```
49
What do chondroblasts develop into
cartilage
50
What do lipoblasts develop into
fat cells
51
What do fibroblasts develop into
ligaments, tendons, capsules, supporting tissue
52
What do osteoblast develop into
bone
53
What do myoblasts develop into
skeletal muscle
54
What are the general characteristics of dense CT
few fibroblasts
little ground substance
large amounts of collagen fibers between them
55
Where is dense regular connective tissue found
in tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments
56
How is the connective tissue of the ligamentum flavum different than other ligaments
contains a lot of elastic fibers = elastic connective tissue
57
What are characteristics of dense regular CT
fibers of collagen arranged in parallel
| rod shaped nuclei
58
What type of collagen is in dense CT
type 1
59
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found
submucosa of hollow organs, connecting mucous membrane to underlying muscle layer
60
What type of cells compose dense irregular connective tissue
fibroblasts
61
Describe dense irregular connective tissue
fibers of type 1 collagen arranged in bundles running in all directions
62
What is a fibroblast do
synthesize fibers and ground substance
63
What do fibroblasts look like
star shaped cells with elongated disc-like nucleus
64
Why do fibroblasts stain basophilic
developed rER in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
65
How do myofibroblasts differ from fibroblasts
similar to fibroblast but contain contractile elements
66
How do myofibroblasts differ from smooth muscle
lack basal lamina
67
Where are myofibroblasts found
located in loose CT
68
What is the function of myofibroblasts
regulate the shape and emptying of flands and wound contraction and closure
69
What is loose connective composed of
Collage Type I
| Elastic fibers
70
Where is loose connective tissue found
mostly beneath the epithelial
71
What is loose CT role in inflammation
undergo significant swelling
72
What are the two cell populations found in loose Connective tissue
resident cells
| migrant cells
73
What are resident cells
```
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
adipose cells
mesenchymal cells
```
74
What are migrant cells
```
lymphocytes
plasma cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
```
75
What are the two different types of adipose
white and brown
76
What are white adipose cells
single fat drop filling the cytoplasm
| ring shaped cytoplasm and flat peripheral nucleus
77
What are brown adipose cells
several fat droplets in the cytoplasm
| brown pigment
78
Where is brown adipose cells found
in newborns as they need a lot of energy fast
79
What are macrophages derived from
blood monocytes
80
Describe macrophages
round nucleus
ingested material in cytoplasm
large golgi and rER
81
What is the function of macrophages
antigen presenting cell: use MHC2 molecules to present antigens for CD4 lymphocytes
82
What are Langhans giant cells
Multiple macrophages fused together
83
What are mast cells
large rounded cells with spherical nucleus
| basophilic granules
84
Where are mast cells located
next to small vessels in CT, capsule of organs
85
What stain is used to view mast cells
tuloidin blue stain
86
What is the function of mast cells
Antibodies bind to mast cells to release contents of granules
87
Mast cells play a role in what clinical scenario
anaphylactic reactions
88
What do the granules of mast cells contain
histamine
heparin
eosinophil and neutrophil/chemotactic factor
89
What is the function of histamine
vasodilation, edema
90
What is the function of heparan
blocks coagulation, responsible for basophilia
91
What is the function of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factor
cell attraction
92
Where are mesenchymal cells found in adults
around vessels
93
What do mesenchymal cells
they are pluripotent and form various things
94
What structure do mesenchymal cells have
star or spindle shaped cells
95
What structure do lymphocytes have
intensely staining slightly indented spherical nucleus
| cytoplasm is pale basophilic ring
96
How are lymphocytes classified
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells
97
Where did T lymphocytes differentiate from
thymus
98
What percentage of lymphocytes are T-lymphocytes
60-80%
99
What percentage of lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes
20-30%
100
Where did B lymphocytes differentiate from
bone marrow
101
What percentage of lymphocytes are natural killer cells
5-10%
102
Where did natural killer cells originate from
bone marrow
103
What are plasma cells derived from
B cells
104
What is the function of plasma cells
antibody producing
105
What is the life span of plasma cells
10-30 days
106
Describe plasma cells
heterochromatin in the nucleus with cartwheel or clock face pattern
107
What are the types of blood cells seen in connective tissue
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
108
Describe neutrophils
pale pink cytoplasm
fine granules
nucleus is multilobed and stains basophilic
109
Describe eosinophils
large eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm
bilobed nucleus
110
Describe basophils
large basophilic granules
nucleus obscured by granules
closely related to mast cells of CT
