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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology 1 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Histology 1 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the membrane

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2
Q

How are the molecules of the phospholipid bilayer arranged

A

Polar-hydrophilic heads facing outwards

non-polar hydrophobic tails facing inwards

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3
Q

What are the different types of membrane proteins associated with the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

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4
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A

proteins that are embedded in just one of the membranes

integral proteins span the membrane completely

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5
Q

What lipid helps maintain fluidity of the lipid bilayer

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

What are the two faces of the plasma membrane

A

extracellular (e-face)

protoplasmic (p-face)

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7
Q

Are the p-face and e-face identical

A

no, they have different proteins on each face

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8
Q

What are the types of integral membrane proteins

A 
Channels
Pump
Enzymes
Receptors
Linker
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9
Q

What is the function of Channel proteins

A

opens a gate and allows molecules to flow through, down its gradient

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10
Q

What is the function of pump proteins

A

spans entire plasma cells and moves things between internal and external environments

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11
Q

What is the function of receptor proteins

A

ligand binds to receptor and creates and intercellular conformation change that activates a signaling cascade

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12
Q

What is the function of enzyme proteins

A

to speed up reactions

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13
Q

What is the function of linker proteins

A

associated with plasma membrane and interact with proteins that span plasma membrane

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14
Q

What are the different methods of transport across a plasma membrane

A

Channel
Carrier
Diffusion

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15
Q

What is the method of channel transport

A

small molecules (usually ions) flow through, down its gradient

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16
Q

What is the method of carrier transport

A

Molecules are carried across a membrane, can be active or passive, is highly selective

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17
Q

What is active transport

A

requires the use of ATP or energy

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18
Q

What is passive transport

A

does not need energy to proceed

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19
Q

What is the method of diffusion

A

small, hydrophobic molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane without the help of a protein

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20
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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21
Q

What is endocytosis

A

bringing things from outside the cell in

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22
Q

What is exocytosis

A

bringing things from inside the cell out

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23
Q

What are the types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated

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24
Q

What are the types of exocytosis

A

constitutive

regulated

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25
What is pinocytosis
"cell drinking" | cell nonspecifically takes up molecules through invaginating the plasma membrane
26
What is phagocytosis
performed by certain cells (neutrophils, macrophages) that engulf bacteria or pathogens and bring them into the cell to be killed
27
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis
ligand binds to receptor, activates adaptin to make a vesicle from the plasma membrane (may require use of clathrin), receptors and ligand are brought inside the cell sorted before sent to lysosome
28
What is constitutive exocytosis
cell releases products as they are made, constant fusing of vesicles with the plasma membrane
29
What is regulated exocytosis
there must be a signal to tell the cell to secrete product at a certain time
30
For phagocytosis, what must be rearranged in order for phagocytosis to occur
actin cytoskeleton of the cell
31
How does clathrin coated pits form
during receptor-mediated endocytosis ligand binds to receptor will activate adaptin adaptin will then recruit clathrin to plasma membrane to form clathrin coated pit that will generate vessicle for endocytosis
32
Clathrin dependent is what
requires clathrin for vesicle formation
33
What is clathrin independent
does not require clathrin for vesicle formation
34
What is an endosome
larger vesicle within the cell that becomes more acidic as it matures (becomes lysosome)
35
What is the function of early endosomes
sort and recycle proteins
36
What is the pH of early endosomes
pH 6.2-6.5
37
What is the function late endosomes
pre-lysosomes
38
What is the pH of late endosomes
pH of 5.5
39
What is the function of lysosomes
degrade molecules from endocytic pathways and autophagy
40
What is the pH of lysosomes
4.7
41
What is contained within a lysosome
diverse array of acid hydrolases that become active when the pH reaches 5
42
What are the types of acid hydrolases/ enzymes in a lysosome
``` proteases nucleases lipases phospholipases glycosylases sulfatase phosphatases ```
43
What type of proteins are seen in lysosomal membranes
lysosome-associated membrane proteins, | glycoproteins, other integral membrane proteins
44
Why is the pH of lysosomes important
that is when the enzymes will work, if they spill into cell they won't work
45
What are the four pathways that can lead to intracellular digestion
pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis autophagy
46
What is autophagy
when cells self eat material, recycles component within the cell
47
Other than lysosomes, how might single polypeptides and proteins be degraded within a cell
non-membraneous structures in cytoplasm called proteasomes
48
What are the features of Tay-Sach's disease
Cherry red macula loss of vision and hearing muscle atrophy due to loss of nervous tissue early death by 5y
49
What is deficient in Tay-Sach's disease
Hexosaminadase deficient
50
What accumulates in Tay-Sach's disease
Ganglioside GM2 accumulates in neurons
51
What are the characteristics of I-cell disease
skeletal abnormalities hepatomegaly mental retardation due to abnormal cellular architecture early death by 5 y
52
What is deficient in I-cell disease
N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phophotransferase
53
What accumulates in I-cell disease
lysosomal hydrolases not phosphorylated in Golgi, get secreted instead
54
What are the characteristics of Niemann-Pick disease
hepatosplenomegaly neurodegeneration progressive wasting due to sphingomyelin accumulation in all cells early death often by 3y
55
What is deficient in Niemann Pick disease
Sphingomyelinase
56
What accumulates in Niemann Pick disease
Sphingomyelin
57
What are characteristics of Gaucher disease
affects the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow due to accumulation of glucosylceramide in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system
58
What is deficient in Gaucher disease
Beta-glucocerebrosidase
59
What accumulates in Gaucher disease
glucosylceramide
60
What enzymes are contained within peroxisomes
catalase and peroxidase
61
What is the function of peroxisomes
break down peroxide
62
What cells are peroxisomes abundant in
liver and kidney cells
63
What processes are peroxisomes involved in
beta oxidation of fatty acids (long chain) detoxification of ethanol synthesis of plasmalogens: maintain membrane integrity in CNS
64
What causes Zellweger syndrome
Nonfunctional peroxisomes
65
What are the features of Zellweger syndrome
CNS demyelination | early death
66
What occurs due to nonfunctional peroxisomes
inability to import proteins to peroxisomes and accumulation of long-chain fatty acids; mutation in gene encoding the integral membrane protein Pex2; demyelination in CNS
67
When will constitutive endocytosis occur
antibodies
68
When will regulated endocytosis occur
endocrine, neurons
69
Which is seen more, constitutive or regulated endocytosis
regulated
70
How will secreted proteins be handled
become integral membrane proteins , or will be membrane bound/part of an organelle, are synthesized on rough ER ribosomes and then trafficked to the proper location based on signal sequence within the polypeptide chain
71
What will result from an a1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency
a single amino acid substitution renders the rER unable to export (A1AT). Leads to decreased activity of A1AT in the blood and lungs and abnormal deposition of defective A1AT within the rER of liver hepatocytes, resulting in emphysema and impaired liver function
72
What is the function of rER
synthesize proteins and secretion
73
What cells are rER prominent in
Secretory cells
74
What cells are sER abundant in
hepatocytes
75
What is the function of sER
cells that function in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and steroid synthesis
76
What is the function of the golgi apparatus
post translational modification, sorting, packaging proteins
77
Where are the two faces of the golgi apparatus found
cis- closest to nucleus | trans- towards outside, further from nucleus
78
How does mitochondria generate ATP
oxidative phosphorylation TCA beta oxidation of fatty acids
79
What cells will lack mitochondria
RBCs and terminal keratinocytes

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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