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Chemisty > Higher unit 2 > Flashcards

Higher unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are esters formed

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid ——-> ester + water

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2
Q

Making esters in a lab

A

Equal amounts of carboxylic acid and alcohol are swirled together
Sulphuric acid added (Provides H+ ions) (catalyst)
Place in hot water bath
Poured into sodium carbonate solution

Neutralises acid
Produces CO2
Immecible layer formed
Characteristic smell

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3
Q

Esters

A

Low boiling point
Insoluble in water
Neutralises acid
Spilt by hydrolysis to form carboyilic acid and alcohol ( reversible reaction )

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4
Q

Uses of esters

A

Food dyes
Perfumes
Aspirin- medical
Nail varnish

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5
Q

Hydrolysis of esters

A

Heating in the presence of dilute acid such as HCl to provide hydrogen ions to catalysts the hydrolysis

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6
Q

Fats

A 
Source of energy 
Vitamins and essasial fatty acids
High boiling points solid at room temp
Formed by a condensation reaction
Insoluble in water
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7
Q

Oils

A 
Source of energy 
Vitamins and essential fatty acids
Low melting point than room temp
Formed by a condensation reaction
I soluable in water
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8
Q

Different types of fats and oils

A

Vegetable - olive oil, palm oil
Animal - lard
Marine - cod liver oil

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9
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Glycerol + carboxylic acid ——> triglyceride

Can be saturated or unsaturated

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10
Q

Glycerol

A

Fatty acid

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11
Q

Saturated fats and oils

A

Saturated- no carbon double bond
Molecules can neatly pack togther
Strong intermolecular forces of attraction

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12
Q

Unsaturated fats and oils

A

Carbon to carbon double bond
Hard to pack tightly unless frozen
Weaker LDF’s

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13
Q

How to solidify oils

A

Addition reaction - hydrogenation
Adding hydrogens across the double bonds
Catalyst needed e.g nickel

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14
Q

Why do fats and oils not dissolve in water

A

They are polar

Long hydrocarbon chains cannot bond to water and there are n polar groups or ions that can bond o water

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15
Q

How are soaps made

A

Fat or oil + alkali ——-> salt + water
Alkali e.g sodium hydroxide, potassium
Hydrolysis
Neutralisation with an alkali

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16
Q

How is the soap extracted

A

Large excess of sodium chloride and then filtered off

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17
Q

Proteins in animals

A

Animal tissue

Regulation of life

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18
Q

Proteins

A 
All contain nitrogen/amines
Produces acrid-smelling alkaline gases
20 frequently occurring amino acids 
Pass through blood stream 
Hydrogen bonding causes the complex structure
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19
Q

Amines

A

Nitrogen contains substances

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20
Q

Examples of proteins

A

Insulin - found in pancreas - hormone helps cool blood glucose

Heamglobin - red blood cells - transports oxegen

Amylase- saliva - breaks down starch

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21
Q

Synthesis of proteins in animals

A

Animals cannot synthesis proteins from simple nitrogen compounds but can reaconstruct animal and vegetable protein eaten from food

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22
Q

Hydrolysis of proteins preduces

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

Examples of amino acids

A

Glycine

Alanine

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24
Q

Proteins function is determined by

A

Sequence of amino acids

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25
Q

Amino group + hydroxyl group ——>

A

Amide link + H2O

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26
Q

Polymerisation

A

Joining of amino acids to form a protein

Proteins have peptide links

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27
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Amino acids which cannot be made by the body

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28
Q

Proteins in egg when heat is added

A

Protein globular in egg whites
Hydrogen bonds break protein chain causing it to unfold
Becomes denatured

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29
Q

Denatured

A

Substrate no longer binds to active site.

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30
Q

volatile

A

molecules that evaporate easily

31
Q

What allows molecules such as limonene and furaneol to dissolve in water

A

Carbonyl oxegen and oxegen in the centre of the ring

32
Q

Validity based on molecular mass

A

Molecular mass under 300 = volitile

33
Q

How are victims lost when boiling a vegetable

A

Vitamin c is soluable in water

34
Q

Why is packaging better in nitrogen than air

A

Air contains moisture and oxegen that can spoil the food

Oxygen is an unreactive gas

35
Q

How to know if alcohol has changed

A

Different smell

36
Q

Oxidation of primary and secondary alchols

A

Primary alcohol oxidised to produce aldehydes

Secondary alchols oxidised produce kentones

37
Q

Why can tertiary alcohols be oxidised

A

Doesn’t have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom which is adjacent to the hydroxyl group

38
Q

How are aldehydes and kentones formed

A

Oxidation of alchols

39
Q

Aldehydes and ketones oxidised

A

Aldehydes - readily oxidised tip form carboxylic acid
Ketones do not oxidise
Tertiary alchols - not readily oxidised

40
Q

Reduction of carboxylic acids

A

Aldehydes and kentones

Decreases O:H ratio

41
Q

Difference between aldehydes and kentones

A

Flavours and aeromas

42
Q

Anioxidents

A

Prevents oxidation mainly of food

Becomes oxidised

43
Q

What happens to aldehydes when oxidised

A

From a silver mirror

44
Q

Rancid

A

Edible oils spoiled because of reaction with oxegen

45
Q

Essential oil

A

Concentrated extracts of armoma compounds from plants
Volatile
In soluable in water
Terpenes

46
Q

Terpene

A

Isoprene units joined togther

Can be oxidised to form a new product

47
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid

A

Ester

48
Q

Why is uv light used to break covalent bonds

A

Has enough energy

49
Q

What can sunburn cause

A

Cancer

Wrinkles

50
Q

What do sunblocks have in them

A

Reflect the uv light so it does nt reach skin

51
Q

Free radical reactions

A

Formed when diatomic covalent bond breaks
Unstable electron arrangement
Highly reactive
Electrically neartral

52
Q

Step 1: initiation

A

Uv light breaks the diatomic/halogen to from free radicals

Weaker bond forms the free radicals

53
Q

Step 2: propagation

A

Using and producing more free radicals

54
Q

Step 3: termination

A

Remove free radicals from the reaction mixture

Forms table molecules

55
Q

Alkane + bromine

A

Reaction can only occur with UV light so the bromine can decolorisation

56
Q

Why are some solutions kept in brown bottles

A

They filter the light

57
Q

Free radical scavengers

A

Stop free radical chain reactions that cause the skin to wrinkle

58
Q

Why does boiling point increase going up hydrocarbon families

A

Main force of attraction between hydrocarbons Is LDF’s. As the number of carbon atoms increases the bigger the molecule becomes
Therefore there are more electrons
This means LDF’s between bigger molecules are stronger
Requiring more energy to break

59
Q

What type of molecules are hydrocarbon

A

Non-polar

60
Q

Do hydrocarbon dissolve in water

A

No because it is non-polar whereas water is polar

This means it cant form hydrogen bonds to water

61
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

62
Q

Alkenes

A

Unsaturated- c-c double bond

63
Q

Bonds in alcohols

A

Have hydrogen bonds
Polar molecule
Dissolves in polar liquids eg water

64
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Break up completely producing hydrogen ions which are found in acids forming an acidic solution
Weak acids
Polar molecule
Can form hydrogen bonds between other carboxylic acids molecules
High mp/bp
Solubility decreases as chain increases because stronger forces of attraction

65
Q

Strong acids

A

Ionise completely when added to water

66
Q

Weak acids

A

Ionise partially when added to water

67
Q

Structure of soap

A 
Ionic head (carboxylate ion) - water soluble
Covalent hydrocarbon tail which is soluable in oil and greace  - non polar
68
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

69
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

70
Q

Agitation

A

Mixing of water soap and grease

71
Q

Globules

A

The negatively charges globule repel each other and the oil/grease is kept suspended in water (no longer separate layers)

72
Q

Hard water

A

Contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions
When mixed with soap:
Doesn’t form a lather
Precipitate formed - scum

73
Q

Soap less detergents are used

A

soap like structure but do not form a precipitate

74
Q

Emulsifier

A

Substance that allows two susdtances which do not mix to mix

Example of an emulsion
Mayonnaise
Mixing of olive oil and ginger with egg yolk

Chemisty (18 decks)

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