Higher Cortical Function ppt 20 Flashcards
Where is Broca’s area located?
inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, just anterior to the inferior part of the precentral gyrus.
What is the function of Broca’s area?
Production of language (word formation)
Where is Wernicke area located?
superior temporal gyrus
What is the function of Wernicke’s area?
Comprehension of language.
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
A connection that monitors speech and facilitates the repetition of words.
“We want to produce words (Broca) that make sense (Wernicke) and, similarly, understand language input and respond.”
Processing of visual word
visual cortex- wernicke- 39- broca- motor cortex- writing
Processing of spoken word
auditory cortex- wernicke- 39- broca- motor cortex- spoken action
Broca’s aphasia
lesion of the motor speech center in area 44,45 and the neighboring areas 9, 46, and 47
Broca’s aphasia Symptoms
grammatically incorrect
single words
impaired repetition ability
Wernicke’s Aphasia
lesion in the sensory speech region, (the posterior portion of the temporal gyrus of the auditory association cortex (area 22) and/or the supramarginal gyrus (area 40))
Wernicke’s aphasia symptoms
comprehension is impaired
Cannot repeat words
Spontaneous speech is fluent; speak all the time (semantic error and create new words)
Conductive Aphasia
connection between sensory and motor speech center (arcuate fasciculus) is interrupted.
CANNOT REPEAT, read aloud but understand text.
Gerstmann aphasia
Lesion of the angular gyrus area 39... cannot comprehend or perform written language. Acalcuila Finger agnosia right - left disorientation
Global Aphasia
occlusion of the MCA damage to both sensory and motor centers.
Spon. speech and comprehension are impaired.
What are the 2 classifications of learning?
Asscociative
Nonassociative
What are the two general types of memory?
Explicit (Decelrative)
Implicit (Non-declarative)
What is associative learning?
2 stimuli are associated with each other
Pavlov classical conditioning experiment
What is non associative learning?
a change in behavior that takes place after repeated exposure to a single stimulus. Occurs via Habituation and Sensitization.
both require repeated exposure
What is habituation?
decreases in responses by repeated presentation of a known stimulus
What is sensitization?
Increases response resulting from previous experience
What are the two types of explicit memory?
Semantic- facts
Episodic- events
What are the types of implicit memory?
Priming-familiarity
Procedural- skils
Learned emotion (fear)
conditioned reflexes (pavlov)
What is short term memory?
working memory- preliminary step
What factors can influence the transfer of short term to long term memory?
emotional state, rehearsal, association, automatic memory
What is memory consolidation?
The conversion of short-term memory into a long-term memory and is enhanced by repetition and sensory modalities
How are memories stored in the brain?
Changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity. Neural change responsible for retention and storage of knowledge is known as thememory trace
Memory consolidation is done by which organ?
hippocampus
but ability to recall already stored memories does not need the hippocampus
What are the structural changes in synapses in making long term memories?
- Increase in vesicle release sites
- Increase in number vesicles of released
- Increase in number of presynaptic
- Changes in structures of the dendritic spines
What are the two types of amnesia?
Retrograde- loss of memory before injury
anterograde- cannot form new memories
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
Progressive, degenerative and ultimately fatal brain disease, in which cell to cell connections in thebrainare lost
Inability to acquirenew memoriesand difficulty inrecalling recently observed facts
most common form of dementia
What genes are associates with Alzheimers’s?
ssociated with genes on chromosome 1, 14, 19, or 21. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genes are important in familial forms.
How does Alzheimer’s differ from Pick’s disease?
Frontotemporal versus diffuse cortical atrophy.
Pathology behind Alzheimers
- defective degradation of amyloid precursor protein, leading to β-amyloid plaques,
- neurofibrillary tangles.
- particularly the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
- senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
- Impairment of cholinergic transmission
Wernicke Korsakoff
Syndrome is often found in chronic alcohol abuse. Acute CNS changes due to thiamine deficiency are called Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
Petechial hemorrhage and infarction often are seen in the mammillary bodies
