high yield microbiome and toxins Flashcards
microbiome genome size, investigation methods
150-fold greater than humans
investigation methods: 16s rRNA sequencing (unique to prokaryotes)
Total DNA and RNA sequencing
Microbiota varies human to human
Functions on Microbiota
Metabolic, Protective, Structural
Production of short chain fatty acids
dysbiosis
Commensal protection
Bacteriocin production SCFA production Consumption of Oxygen Competition for nutrients Competition for attachment sites Induction of epithelial antimicrobials Induction of mucus production and secretion
properties of a pathogen
get into host, colonize tissue, resist defens, cause damage
two mechanisms of pathogenisis: invasiveness and toxigenicity
Endotoxin
Source: ONLY gram (-) Secreted?: NO Structure: LPS Location of Genes: Bacterial chromosome Toxicity: low (need lots to become fatal) Clinical Effects: fever and shock MoA: TNF-a and IL1 Atigenicity: poorly antigenic Vaccines: no toxoids formed, no vaccine available Heat Stability: heat stabile
Exotoxins
Source: Some gram (-) and gram (+)
Secreted?: yup
Structure: Proteins
Location of Genes: on plasmids of bacteriophage
Toxicity: high (fatal)
Clinical Effects: various effects
MoA: varies
Atigenicity: induces hight titier antibodies (aka antitoxins)
Vaccines: Toxoids used as the vaccine
Heat Stability: heat labile (heat susceptible)
Diptheria Toxin
toxins are proteins or enzymes that modify a specific host macromolecule (posttranslational modification)
A;B toxin secreted in protoxin form (ADP-ribosylates EF2 to inhibit protein synthesis)
A- ezymatic component
B- binding component
VAccine= formalin inactivated to conjugate
Antitoxins
antibody produced by animals with the ability to netralize a specific toxin
passive immunization: recieving performed antibodies
Can be used after exposure to tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin
