Gram positive bacilli

Question 1

Bacillus antharacis and cereus

Answer 1

gram positive
vikings

Black necrotic escar with red ring on skin, rods in chains

encapsulated with proteins, poly D glutamate

Oligate Aerobe- 2001 anthrax scare, spore forming (long term living in low nutrient envro)

Toxins: lethal factor and edemofactor

Edemofactor: EF, adenylate cyclase-> high cAMP fluid in extracellular space causing phagogocytes inhibition
LF: exotoxin protease that inhibits map kinase-> tissue necrosis

Pulmonary anthrax, in wool sorters disease. Non specific dry cough-> mediastinitis

Fluorquinolones and Doxicycline

cerus: non sporing forming, food poisoning, rice, vomiting

Question 2

Clostridium Tetani

Answer 2

monkey cage

Gram positive, obligate anaerobe, spore forming in dirt, puncture wound with rusty nails, neuromuscular symptoms (spactic paralysis- resus sardonicus evil grin) and arching back.

Tetani spores will release tetanus retrograde going back to motor neurons.
Tetanus: protease that cleaves sNARE (gaba and glycine arent released into cleft -ie inhibitory) Renshaw cells are inhibited

tetanus vaccine is a toxoid vaccine

Question 3

clostridium botulinum

Answer 3

robots

Gram positive, transmitted by improper canned food
spore forming, obligate anaerobe. flacid paralysis, ptosis, then further down (descending paralysis)

botox cleaves snare protein, will only attack Ach but stays in periphery

babies: limp baby floppy baby syndrome, but baby will injest the toxin in honey spores

adults eat preformed toxin babies eat the spores

Question 4

Clostridium dificile

Answer 4

spore forming gram positive
nosocomial diarrhea
Clindamycin: will cause C. Diff

Exotoxin A and Exotoxin B
A: binds to intestine, A for Apple, brush border, causing diarrhea, look for toxins in the stool
B: cytoskeleton, depolymerization of actin filaments, psuedomembrane formation.

oral vancomyocin, metronidazole

Question 5

Clostridium Perfringens

Answer 5

motorcycle wounds and deep combat wounds
flesh exposed to dirt and dust. spores in dirt. obligate anaerobe.
Gas gangreen: clostirio mynecrosis: crackling sound on palpation: alpha toxin (lecithinase: cleaves cell membrane phospholipids), hemolysis, 2 zones of hemolysis

Treatment: Iv penecillin G

Food poisoning : late onset, bc they need to have the spores germinate in the gut. watery diarrhea. transient

Question 6

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Answer 6

matadore

gram positive, club shaped in a y shape. granules

Exotoxin: A and B subunits
A messes up ribosomal elongation EF 2, B attachment
cell death-> pseudomembranes formation in throat and tonsils (droplet transmission), bulls neck

cardio toxic effects, local paralysis and cranial nerve damage

Labdiagnosis: culturing on tellurite and loefflers medium

e lex test: if toxin bind the strain is a toxic form. immigrants]

treatment: toxoid vaccine, anti toxoid if current infection

Question 7

Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 7

beta hemolytic, motal and facultative, tubmling motility extracellulary. intracellular, it will mess with actin to rocket itself through the cell

Bacillus gram positive

Catalase positive. survives in the cold, contaminates refrigerated food items (milky stuff)

Pregnant women-> miscarrage, or later on meningitis in newborns, and adults over 60

Vancomyocin and Ampicillin