HESI ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
Osteoblasts
synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton.
undergo mitosis and **secrete **a substance that acts as the framework for bone.
respond to certain bone forming hormones as well as from physical stress.
Osteocytes-
he longest living bone cell, making up 90–95% of cells in bone tissue
mature osteoblasts that cannot divide by mitosis.
reside in lacunae.
Diaphysis
is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
middle tubular portion
Where compact bone is located
Osteoclasts
The cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity.
capable of demineralizing bone.
free up calcium from bone and release it into the blood depending on the body’s needs.
Epiphysis-
The area of the long bone where bone growth takes place
The end tubular portion
contains the epiphyseal plate or growth plate.
Long bones: long longitudinal axis
Femur
Short bones: short longitudinal axis and are more cube-like
Carpal
Flat bones: thin and curved
Frontal Bone
Irregular bones: found in groups and have a variety of shapes and sizes
Veretbra
Sesamoid: bones are found in ligaments
Patella
Compact bone / cortical bone
Dense
Organized due to Haversian systems or osteons
Located along the lines of force and line up along the long axis of the bone
Cancellous / Spongy
looks more like a trabeculated matrix
Lamellae
Bone is deposited along concentric rings
Lacunae
small openings of the lamellae
8 bones of the cranium include:
Frontal
Occipital
Right and left Parietals
Right and left Temporals
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Sutures
bones are held together by special joints
considered immovable and are composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Sutures include
Sagittal suture—connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull. It lies in the sagittal plane.
Coronal suture—connects both parietal bones to the frontal bone on the top of the skull. It lies in a coronal plane.
Lambdoid suture—connects the occipital bone to the posterior portions of the parietal bones.
Squamosus suture—connects the parietal bones to the temporal bones
tuberosity
Rounded bump that has a more gradual slope.
styloid process
pointy process
trochanter
very large bump
Found in femure bones
condyle
large rounded process.
foramen
hole for arteries, veins and nerves.
sinus
hollow cavity within a bone.
frontal bone
located on the anterior-superior aspect of the skull
contains sinuses
Supraorbital margin
passageway for blood vessels supplying the frontal sinus, eyebrow, and eyelid.
parietal bones
paired bones that form the lateral margins of the cranium.
occipital bone
located in the posterior region of the skull.
foramen magnum
passageway for the spinal cord.
Lordosis
spinal curve with the **convexity **of the curve anterior
Kyphosis
pinal curve with the **concavity **of the curve anterior
Hyperlordosis
increased lordotic curve
Hyperkyphosis
increased kyphotic curve
cervical spin
7 vertebraes
Atlas and Axis
thoracic spine
12 vertebrae that articulate with ribs.
lumbar spine
5 large vertebrae
True Ribs
Ribs 1-7
attach directly to the sternum by way of their cartilage called costochondral cartilage.
False Ribs
8-10 Ribs
their cartilage attaches to the cartilage of the true ribs.
lordotic curve
having its convexity anterior
considered secondary curves because they develop after birth when humans begin to hold their heads up, sit up and walk.
kyphotic curves
thoracic and pelvic curves
being concave anteriorly.
primary curves because they are present at birth.
Floating Ribs
11-12
they have no connection to the sternum.
sternum has 3 parts
Superior - manubrium,
Middle - Body
Inferior - xiphoid process.
Sacrum
triangular bone
5 fused vertebrae
Inferior end is a small bone called the coccyx
coccyx
Consists of another series of 3-5 very small fused vertebrae.
tibial condyles
large rounded processes on the proximal aspect of the tibia
patella
knee bone
ankle and foot
tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
Tarsals:
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
joints
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial
Fibrous joints
held together by dense connective tissue.
skull, teeth, and ligaments
Cartilagenous joints
are bones united by cartilage
discs and the symphysis pubis.
Synovial joint
eely movable and encapsulated by a synovial membrane
contain fluid (synovial fluid) and cartilage on the ends of the bones.
Ball and socket joints
onsist of a rounded process and rounded socket.
These include the hip and shoulder and allow for a variety of movements.
Hinge joints
convex surface and concave socket
joint between the humerus and ulna as well as in some of the phalanges.
Hinge joints only move in one plane.
Condyloid joint
oval processes fitting into elliptical sockets.
this joint is the metacarpal phalangeal joint.
Gliding joints
onsist of flattened surfaces connected together
Include the carpal bones of the wrist.
Pivot joints
consist of a cylinder fitting into a ring of bone.
between the atlas and axis of the spine and the joint between the radius and humerus.
Saddle joints
two bones having both concave and convex surfaces
the carpal-metacarpal joint of the hand.
Movements of Joints
Flexion humerus moving anterior in a sagittal plane.
Extension humerus moving posterior in a sagittal plane.
Abduction away from the body in a coronal plane.
Adduction is moving the humerus toward the body in a coronal plane.
Internal rotation is moving the humerus along its long axis toward the body.
External rotation is moving the humerus along its long axis away from the body.
Inversion is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points medially.
Eversion is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points laterally.
