HESI ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY SKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

Osteoblasts

Answer 1

synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton.

undergo mitosis and **secrete **a substance that acts as the framework for bone.

respond to certain bone forming hormones as well as from physical stress.

Question 2

Osteocytes-

Answer 2

he longest living bone cell, making up 90–95% of cells in bone tissue

mature osteoblasts that cannot divide by mitosis.

reside in lacunae.

Question 3

Diaphysis

Answer 3

is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

middle tubular portion

Where compact bone is located

Question 4

Osteoclasts

Answer 4

The cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity.

capable of demineralizing bone.

free up calcium from bone and release it into the blood depending on the body’s needs.

Question 5

Epiphysis-

Answer 5

The area of the long bone where bone growth takes place

The end tubular portion

contains the epiphyseal plate or growth plate.

Question 6

Long bones: long longitudinal axis

Answer 6

Femur

Question 7

Short bones: short longitudinal axis and are more cube-like

Answer 7

Carpal

Question 8

Flat bones: thin and curved

Answer 8

Frontal Bone

Question 9

Irregular bones: found in groups and have a variety of shapes and sizes

Answer 9

Veretbra

Question 10

Sesamoid: bones are found in ligaments

Answer 10

Patella

Question 11

Compact bone / cortical bone

Answer 11

Dense
Organized due to Haversian systems or osteons
Located along the lines of force and line up along the long axis of the bone

Question 12

Cancellous / Spongy

Answer 12

looks more like a trabeculated matrix

Question 13

Lamellae

Answer 13

Bone is deposited along concentric rings

Question 14

Lacunae

Answer 14

small openings of the lamellae

Question 15

8 bones of the cranium include:

Answer 15

Frontal
Occipital
Right and left Parietals
Right and left Temporals
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

Question 16

Sutures

Answer 16

bones are held together by special joints

considered immovable and are composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.

Question 17

Sutures include

Answer 17

Sagittal suture—connects the parietal bones at the top of the skull. It lies in the sagittal plane.

Coronal suture—connects both parietal bones to the frontal bone on the top of the skull. It lies in a coronal plane.

Lambdoid suture—connects the occipital bone to the posterior portions of the parietal bones.

Squamosus suture—connects the parietal bones to the temporal bones

Question 18

tuberosity

Answer 18

Rounded bump that has a more gradual slope.

Question 19

styloid process

Answer 19

pointy process

Question 20

trochanter

Answer 20

very large bump

Found in femure bones

Question 21

condyle

Answer 21

large rounded process.

Question 22

foramen

Answer 22

hole for arteries, veins and nerves.

Question 23

sinus

Answer 23

hollow cavity within a bone.

Question 24

frontal bone

Answer 24

located on the anterior-superior aspect of the skull

contains sinuses

Question 25

Supraorbital margin

Answer 25

passageway for blood vessels supplying the frontal sinus, eyebrow, and eyelid.

Question 26

parietal bones

Answer 26

paired bones that form the lateral margins of the cranium.

Question 27

occipital bone

Answer 27

located in the posterior region of the skull.

Question 28

foramen magnum

Answer 28

passageway for the spinal cord.

Question 29

Lordosis

Answer 29

spinal curve with the **convexity **of the curve anterior

Question 30

Kyphosis

Answer 30

pinal curve with the **concavity **of the curve anterior

Question 31

Hyperlordosis

Answer 31

increased lordotic curve

Question 32

Hyperkyphosis

Answer 32

increased kyphotic curve

Question 33

cervical spin

Answer 33

7 vertebraes Atlas and Axis

Question 34

thoracic spine

Answer 34

12 vertebrae that articulate with ribs.

Question 35

lumbar spine

Answer 35

5 large vertebrae

Question 36

True Ribs

Answer 36

Ribs 1-7 attach directly to the sternum by way of their cartilage called costochondral cartilage.

Question 37

False Ribs

Answer 37

8-10 Ribs their cartilage attaches to the cartilage of the true ribs.

Question 38

lordotic curve

Answer 38

having its convexity anterior considered secondary curves because they develop after birth when humans begin to hold their heads up, sit up and walk.

Question 39

kyphotic curves

Answer 39

thoracic and pelvic curves being concave anteriorly. primary curves because they are present at birth.

Question 40

Floating Ribs

Answer 40

11-12 they have no connection to the sternum.

Question 41

sternum has 3 parts

Answer 41

Superior - manubrium, Middle - Body Inferior - xiphoid process.

Question 42

Sacrum

Answer 42

triangular bone 5 fused vertebrae Inferior end is a small bone called the coccyx

Question 43

coccyx

Answer 43

Consists of another series of 3-5 very small fused vertebrae.

Question 44

tibial condyles

Answer 44

large rounded processes on the proximal aspect of the tibia

Question 45

patella

Answer 45

knee bone

Question 46

ankle and foot

Answer 46

tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

Question 47

Tarsals:

Answer 47

Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform

Question 48

joints

Answer 48

Fibrous Cartilagenous Synovial

Question 49

Fibrous joints

Answer 49

held together by dense connective tissue. skull, teeth, and ligaments

Question 50

Cartilagenous joints

Answer 50

are bones united by cartilage discs and the symphysis pubis.

Question 51

Synovial joint

Answer 51

eely movable and encapsulated by a synovial membrane contain fluid (synovial fluid) and cartilage on the ends of the bones.

Question 52

Ball and socket joints

Answer 52

onsist of a rounded process and rounded socket. These include the hip and shoulder and allow for a variety of movements.

Question 53

Hinge joints

Answer 53

convex surface and concave socket joint between the humerus and ulna as well as in some of the phalanges. Hinge joints only move in one plane.

Question 54

Condyloid joint

Answer 54

oval processes fitting into elliptical sockets. this joint is the metacarpal phalangeal joint.

Question 55

Gliding joints

Answer 55

onsist of flattened surfaces connected together Include the carpal bones of the wrist.

Question 56

Pivot joints

Answer 56

consist of a cylinder fitting into a ring of bone. between the atlas and axis of the spine and the joint between the radius and humerus.

Question 57

Saddle joints

Answer 57

two bones having both concave and convex surfaces the carpal-metacarpal joint of the hand.

Question 58

Movements of Joints

Answer 58

Flexion humerus moving anterior in a sagittal plane. Extension humerus moving posterior in a sagittal plane. Abduction away from the body in a coronal plane. Adduction is moving the humerus toward the body in a coronal plane. Internal rotation is moving the humerus along its long axis toward the body. External rotation is moving the humerus along its long axis away from the body. Inversion is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points medially. Eversion is the movement of the foot so the sole of the foot points laterally.